Imagine having to be a child playing sexually with one...

Imagine having to be a child playing sexually with one another instead of being normal and playing with your toys or running outside in the playground. Aldous Huxley was a British writer considered by many as a visionary thinker who published a novel on Brave New World in 1952 right after World War I which impacted the world economy financially and emotionally. Brave new world takes place in London A.F. 632 nearly 600 years into the future. A.F. which is an abbreviated for After Ford, the name of the great industrialist who invented the assembly line and the mass production. Huxley’s purpose of his novel focused on defending a kind on how humanism scientific progression would hurt man kind. The novel brakes into the delineate of what a†¦show more content†¦The director then explains to the students the process of which humans are grown and conditioned; it’s all a little disturbing from how it is seen. Just like the real world, there system is divided into alpha s; deltas, betas, gammas, and epsilons, witch is scaled from richest to the poorest, and smartest to the dumbest. â€Å"The castes are distinguished by their clothing further dehumanizes them. To any member of the higher caste, ALL deltas look exactly the same† (www.shmoop.com). The castes are treated as dogs, being told how to dress and punished if they disobey. â€Å"Very nearly what’s going to happen to you young men. I was on the point of being sent to an island† Bernard said â€Å"you can’t send me I haven’t done anything† (www.huxley.net). This proves that misbehavior or wanting to be different from others has a price to it, a price where one is to be abandoned in an island. No one can be different in brave new world, it is by demand that† everyone is to be like everyone else.† â€Å"Feelings, passions, commitments, and relationships .Citizens of world state have no fathers, mothers, husbands, and wife’s, children or loved ones because such relationships that keep them from that of produced emotional instability, strife and unhappiness.†(www.sparknotes.com) Linda , lenina, Bernard ,Helmholtz and john live in a world of sexuality , drugs, and a social predestination where everyone is to be in a society and no one has their personal liberty. Soma considered as†Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Child Abuse On Children3821 Words   |  16 Pageslives. Imagine for a moment what it’s like to be in a situation where the persons you trust to care for and guide over you, are the ones that place these victims in this complex problems in which they are not able to resist from taking its course. â€Å"According to RAINN child abuse organization child abuse is a when a perpetrator intentionally harms a minor physically, psychologically, sexually, or by acts of neglect committing such a crime that may have long lasting effects on the abused child for yearsRead MoreInfluence of Media on Teenagers4405 Words   |  18 Pagesteenagers, the ways in which individuals and groups dress, talk, behave, and think. The media, in the forms of movies, television, radio, and print as well as the new electronic communications media of the Internet, helps to connect individuals to one another and to the world. Invariably, this powerful influence shapes the ways in which viewers or participants perceive the world and their own place within that world. 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Financial Performance of British Airway - Liquidity and Profitability

Question: Describe about the Financial Performance of British Airway for Liquidity and Profitability. Answer: Introduction This report focuses on the subject area of accounting. The primary component of the report is ratio analysis. The report discusses the financial ratios that are derived from the financial statements provided in the annual reports of the two companies, British Airways and Easy Jet. In the report mainly three types of financial ratios are derived profitability ratios, liquidity ratios and efficiency ratios. At the same time, the report also explains the use of ratios at the time of financial planning and during the allocation of resources. At the end of the report, a conclusion is derived by considering the overall findings. Presentation of financial rations of two companies British Airways and Easy Jet are two most popular companies in the airline industry of UK. British Airways was founded in the year 1974 and Easy Jet was founded in the year 1995. Currently, British Airways is having access over total 183 destinations (Britishairways.com 2016). On the other side, Easy Jet is providing airline services for around 134 destinations (Easyjet.com 2016). As per the annual report of these two companies, the financial ratios that are the profitability ratios, liquidity ratios and the efficiency ratios are shown in the below table: Financial ratios of British Airways Financial ratio 2013 2014 2015 Current ratio 0.63 0.65122 0.59649 Quick ratio 0.60622 0.62704 0.57211 Receivable collection period 3.51545 4.14242 4.47675 Inventory turnover period 29.1364 32.4933 47.2833 Table 1: Financial ratios of British Airways for 2013 to 2015 (Source: Britishairways.com 2016) Profitability ratio trend: Figure 1: Profitability ratio trend (Source: Britishairways.com 2016) The above table showing the financial ratios of British Airways shows that the financial performance of the company has improved in terms of profitability of the company. In last three years that are from 2013 to 2015, the operating profit ratios of British Airways have increased gradually. In 2013, the operating profit ratio of the company was 5.70003, which increased to 8.31982 in 2014 and 11.1533 in 2015. On the other side, if the net profit ratio of the company is seen, then it can be observed that the increment in the net profit ratio of the company in 2015 was too much higher than 2013. The difference between the net profit ratio of British Airways in 2014 and 2015 was 16.14 (approx) (Britishairways.com 2016). Liquidity ratio trend: Figure 2: Liquidity ratio trend (Source: Britishairways.com 2016) Efficiency ratio trend: Figure 3: Efficiency ratio trend (Source: Britishairways.com 2016) However, the liquidity position of the company has declined. The receivable collection period of the company is disclosing the fact that the company needs to improve its financial performance because the receivable collection period of British Airways has increased from 2013 to 2015. The same is also applicable if the analysis is done based on the inventory turnover period of the company. Financial ratios of Easy Jet Financial Ratios 2013 2014 2015 Operating profit ratio 11.6721 12.8341 14.682 Net profit ratio 9.34711 9.94036 11.6944 Current ratio 1.05004 0.88803 0.72342 Quick ratio 0.90935 0.74718 0.6069 Receivable collection period 16.6299 16.1255 16.0457 Inventory turnover period 168.195 162.584 140.28 Table 2: Financial ratios of Easy Jet from 2013 to 2015 (Source: Easyjet.com 2016) Profitability ratio trend: Figure 4: Profitability ratio trend (Source: Easyjet.com 2016) As per the financial ratios of Easy Jet shown in the above table, it can be clearly said that the overall performance of the company has been improved from 2013 to 2015. The operating profit ratio of the company has been increased by approx 3% from 2013 to 2015 and in case of the net profit ratio, the percentage increased was approx 2.5%. This is indicating that the financial performance has been improved in the last year (Easyjet.com 2016). Liquidity ratio trend: Figure 5: Liquidity ratio trend (Source: Easyjet.com 2016) Efficiency ratio trend: Figure 6: Efficiency ratio trend (Source: Easyjet.com 2016) However, if the liquidity position of the company is analyzed, then it can be said that the company needs to improve its liquidity positions. The major reason being that, the liquidity rate of the company has decreased gradually from 2013 to 2015. However, the declining percentage of liquidity ratios was nominal. Easy Jet also needs improvements in its inventory management system as it was much high from 2013 to 2015. At the same time, the receivable collection period is also high in this company. However, a static nature in the receivable collection period shows the static performance of the company, which is good. Comparison between the financial performances of the two companies As per the above-mentioned information, it is very clear that the financial performance of Easy Jet was better than the British Airways as per the profitability of the two companies. However, on the other side if the comparison is made between the other financial figures of two companies like, receivable collection period and inventory turnover, it can be mentioned that the position of British Airways was much higher than Easy Jet. In 2015, the profitability or the net profit ratio of British Airways enhanced at a high speed, which indicates the company has performed well in that years. However, in this context, Uechi et al. (2015) commented that the excessive increment in the net profit ratio of the company indicates that either the company has cut down its cost level aggressively. This is because the annual report of the company has mentioned that the revenue has decreased in 2015 than 2014 but the profit has increased in 2015 than 2014. On the other side, if the performance of Easy Jet is considered, then it can be realized that the performance of Easy Jet has been improved in a small percentage. Henry and Robinson (2015) stated that small but continuous growth is better than the fluctuation in the financial performance of the company. Comparison between the financial figures that are stated in the annual reports of the two companies, it can be said that the expenditure level of Easy Jet was more or less static but in British Airways, the expenditure has been highly controlled in 2015 (Kassicieh, Ahluwalia and Majadillas 2015). Apart from the profitability, if the comparison is done as per the liquidity positions of the companies, then it can be clearly observed that the liquidity position of Easy Jet was better than British Airways. In 2015, the current ratio of Easy Jet was 0.72 (approx) whereas, British Airways had the current ratio of 0.59 (approx). However, in this context, it is also noticeable that the liquidity position of Easy Jet has declined gradually, which denotes weak performance of the company. The same thing happened with the quick ratios of the companies. In the last year, the quick ratio of British Airways was 0.57211, whereas, the quick ratio of Easy Jet was 0.6069. As per the efficiency ratios of the two companies in last three years, it can be said that the British Airways is much efficient than Easy Jet. This is because the receivable collection period and the inventory turnover ratios of Easy Jet were much higher than British Airways in last three years. In 2013, British Airways had the receivable collection period of 3.51545, whereas, Easy Jet had the receivable collection period of 16.6299. This indicates that British Airways can convert its receivables in to cash more quickly than Easy Jet. It denotes the efficiency level of British Airways was higher than Easy Jet (Robinson et al. 2015). The same thing is also applicable in case of the inventory turnover period of the two companies. Therefore, it is very important for Easy Jet to improve its efficiency ratios especially the inventory turnover period as soon as possible because the inventory turnover period is too high at Easy Jet. Explaining the use of ratios in financial planning and resource allocation Identifying and analyzing the financial ratios are the most important tasks that the management of the company must do while preparing the financial plan for a particular financial year. Financial ratios are very helpful for preparing proper financial plan and taking the appropriate financial decisions. The use of financial ratios in financial planning can be stated as under: Financial ratios help to understand the efficiency level of the company (Pappa 2015). The management of the company can clearly understand the current level of financial performance of the organization and prepare the financial plan to improve the current situation or to maintain the same. In this context, Wang and Zhou (2016) argued that the ratio analysis of a company is done after the completion of a financial year. Therefore, the companies cannot take any effective measures for handling the uncertain situation because the planning is already done. However, Yadav (2015) commented that as the ratios are stated in the numerical form, management can understand the result clearly. The chances of taking wrong decision or wrong planning is very less if the financial ratios are considered. Financial ratios help to predict the future easily. If the management looks at the profitability ratios of the previous few years, then they can easily understand the trend of financial performance of the company. Therefore, it becomes easier for them to predict the future accurately. However, Healy and Palepu (2012) commented that as the financial ratios are dependent of the past data, it cannot predict the future accurately. However, in most of the companies, the financial planning is done based on the financial ratios, which denotes the importance of ratios in financial planning. The financial ratios of the company help to understand the financial performance trend and liquidity position of the company (Wang and Zhou 2016). Therefore, by using the financial ratios, the company can identify the areas of deficiencies. Therefore, it becomes easier to take the effective measures to reduce or remove the deficiencies in the present and future financial years. Ratio analysis helps the management of the organization or the financial planners to understand the financial statements in a simple way. However, Uechi et al. (2015) believed that the financial statements of the companies are already prepared in numerical terms and so the management of the companies can easily understand the performance level just by checking the financial statements (Wang and Zhou 2016). Therefore, the planning can be done in a better way. The ratio analysis also helps to compare the financial performance of a particular company with the other companies in the same industry (Kassicieh, Ahluwalia and Majadillas 2015). Therefore using the ratios, the management can prepare the competitive financial plan for the future days Other than the financial plan, the financial ratio analysis also helps to allocate the resources in a proper way. Ratio analysis helps to identify the resource allocation and resource use in the past financial years. This helps to identify how effectively the company has used the resources in the previous financial years. If the company identifies that the use of resources in the past years was not so effective, then the management can easily take the effective measures to enhance the resource utility (Robinson et al. 2015). At the same time, the management of the companies can also identify whether there is any inappropriate allocation was done in the previous financial years or not. If any inappropriate resource allocation is made in the previous years, then the management can take effective measures to improve the situation (Henry and Robinson 2015). On the other side, the liquidity ratios of the company show the proportion of the liquid assets in a particular financial year in comparison to the liquid liabilities (Wang and nanceZhou 2016). The management can take effective strategies if the liquid asset is less than the liquid liabilities. Therefore, proper allocation of the assets can be done with the help of financial ratio analysis. Conclusion In this report, it has been identified that the financial performance of British Airways was weak in respected to the liquidity and profitability. However, in the year 2015, the profitability of the company has been improved at the high level. On the other side, in case of the other company that is Easy Jet, the profitability increased at more or less static rate. The liquidity position of Easy Jet was better than British Airways in last three years but the performance of the easy Jet has declined. The inventory management system at Easy Jet also needs improvement because it was much high in last three years. Reference list: Britishairways.com. 2016. Book Flights, Holidays Check In Online | British Airways. [online] Available at: https://www.britishairways.com/ [Accessed 1 Aug. 2016]. Easyjet.com. 2016. Check out these great easyJet flights.. [online] Available at: https://www.easyjet.com/en/ [Accessed 1 Aug. 2016]. Healy, P.M. and Palepu, K.G., 2012.Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Henry, E. and Robinson, T.R., 2015. Chapter 1. Financial Statement Analysis: An Introduction.CFA Institute Investment Books,2015(2), pp.1-35. Kassicieh, S., Ahluwalia, S. and Majadillas, M.A., 2015. Financial analysis in management of technology programs: links in a clinical approach.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,100, pp.66-77. Pappa, A., 2015. Financial statement analysis of a multinational company and equity valuation of computer-based technology group. Robinson, T.R., Henry, E., Pirie, W.L. and Broihahn, M.A., 2015.International financial statement analysis. John Wiley Sons. Uechi, L., Akutsu, T., Stanley, H.E., Marcus, A.J. and Kenett, D.Y., 2015. Sector dominance ratio analysis of financial markets.Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,421, pp.488-509. Wang, D. and Zhou, F., 2016. The Application of Financial Analysis in Business Management.Open Journal of Business and Management,4(03), p.471. Yadav, R.J., 2015. Innovative Approach of Financial Statement Analysis from Bankers' Perspectives-a Case Study.The MA Journal,50(8), pp.76-83.

The woman in white plot and characters Essay Example For Students

The woman in white plot and characters Essay All the things we know about him reveal much of his inner personality. Though he is close on sixty years of age he is nervous and sensitive but shows unmistakable mental firmness and power. He is of great culture and, one of the firsts of the experimental chemists living and he is tactful and clever. His intelligence enables him to judge and understand people, and assess the value of those he comes across; He has evidently discovered that Laura secretly dislikes him but he has also found out she is extravagantly fond of flowers. We will write a custom essay on The woman in white plot and characters specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now (244) To his intelligence we can add shrewdness in the sense that he instinctively does or says the right thing. His behaviour at the lake shows how much of an unscrupulous diplomat he is. When Marian objects to his illustration of crime and virtue, he simply replies, Miss Halcombe is unanswerable, ( ) that is to say so far as she goes. Yes! I agree with her. (257) Finally, and it is not the least of his peculiarities, he is able to dominate human beings in the same way as he can cope with the most savage beast. All these details would be enough to arouse the readers interest, but because no hint concerning his past is given except that he is an Italian who had run away from his country, the man is surrounded by mystery; The interest which I really cannot help feeling in this strangely original man has led me to question Sir Percival about his past-life. Sir Percival either knows little, or will tell me little about it. (245) Moreover, his personality combined with the ascendancy he gains over people make them afraid of him. The forthcoming events will only confirm that fear. We are going to deal with an unusual kind of criminal, and, strangely enough, Sir Percival seems to be among those who fear him the most. -2- Sir Percival Glyde : a conventional Victorian evil villain In the treatment of the two villains, if Fosco is the stronger one, Sir Percival is the traditional bad Baronet. Once married, his behaviour rapidly takes a new turn and he becomes rash and ill-tempered, is much more abrupt than it used to be. He greeted me, ( ) with little or nothing of the ceremony and civility of former times. (237) He has impredictable moods and several times is on the edge of violence. However, it is important to know about Sir Percivals past as it determines his evil acts. It turned out that his parents were not married so that in order to enter into possession of his title and property he falsified the marriage register. He therefore must spend the rest of his life covering that living lie in order to marry a wealthy lady. This strong need for wealth gives him a formidable incentive to achieve what he wants, even if it necessitates the doing of evil things. He finally meets the end he deserves death like the evil villain of Victorian melodrama that he is. A death brought about by the stubborn determination of his pursuers. c) Two unflinching investigators -1- Marian Halcombe: the great female character of the novel Of the female figures, the one who illustrates Collins skill in building characters without the contemporary conventions of fiction is Marian. Walter gives a full physical description of her graceful bantering way (58) and he is struck by the rare beauty of her form (58). However, this description has an expected twist to it, for, much to the readers surprise, The lady is dark ( ) The lady is young ( ) The lady is ugly ( ) (58) One very common convention of the Nineteenth Century novels was the use of two heroines, one dark and one fair, the dark one being as a rule passionate, haughty and plain. However Collins dark heroine is a forthright woman of integrity and power. She is warm, sensitive and intelligent and the author manages to make her even more credible when she happens to break down in accepted womanly fashion, They are gone! .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 , .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .postImageUrl , .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 , .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7:hover , .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7:visited , .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7:active { border:0!important; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7:active , .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Specific reference a film EssayI am blind with crying (217). Marian plays a leading role from the beginning of the novel. It is largely she who initiates the local investigation and is, like Walter, fascinated by the mystery of the woman in white, I am all aflame with curiosity, and I devote my whole energies to the business of discovery from this moment. (63) -2- Walter Hartright: a conventional hero Walter is the main character and the hero of the story. His meeting with the woman in white starts off the whole mystery: Let Walter Hartright, teacher of drawing, aged twenty eight years, be heard first. (33) Thus is the way in which he is introduced in the preamble. We are not given a detailed description of him. What we know is that he is sensitive, upright and courageous. He is fascinated by the mystery woman, and active in the hunt to find out more about her, but is even more determined to unravel the plot and to pursue and trap the culprits. He shows perseverance and stamina as well as the good-sense and ingenuity of a modern detective, although he was not designed to imply a real policeman, which he is not, He is respected for his bravery and noble qualities and thus certainly is a conventional Victorian hero, a trustworthy character I will trust you says Marian (418) who helps to bring about a resolution and who carries out the will of the author to reach a happy ending. -3- On the minor characters The minor characters are also created with consummate skill as they all contribute basically to the atmosphere of the novel and have a function in the unravelling of the plot and in the overall narrative structure of the novel. They range from evil personified with Mrs Catherick and Mme Fosco, to eccentricity with Pesca and Mr Fairlie, to unscrupulousness or devotion with the solicitors, and to the Gothic-type character with Mrs Rubelle. They all play their parts in reinforcing the credibility of the main characters and creating the atmosphere of mystery and fear that pervades the novel. 1Its impossible to change this formula without losing the impact of (detective) novel. Boileau Narcejac, Le roman policier (Paris : Quadrige, Presses universitaires de France, 1994) p. 5.

Drought Causes, Types, and Resources

Drought Causes, Types, and Resources Its been a while since youve seen  a chance of rain in your forecast... could your city be in danger of a drought?   Youll be glad to know that although a lack of rain or snow over a period of several days, or even a week, is unusual, it doesnt necessarily mean youre headed for a drought. Droughts are periods (typically several weeks or longer) of abnormally dry and  precipitation-less weather. How dry depends on the amount of precipitation thats normal for a locations climate. A common misconception of droughts is that theyre brought on by periods of no rain or snow. While this certainly can initiate drought conditions, oftentimes the onset of a drought is less noticeable. If youre seeing rain or snow, but are seeing it in lighter amounts a drizzle here and flurries there, rather than steady rain or snow showers this can also signal a drought in-the-making. Of course, you wont be able to determine this as a cause for weeks, months, or even years into the future. Thats because, unlike other forms of severe weather and  natural disasters,  droughts develop slowly from a build-up of small changes in precipitation patterns, rather than from one single event. Atmospheric conditions such as climate change, ocean temperatures, changes in the jet stream, and changes in the local landscape are all culprits in the long story of the causes of droughts. How Droughts Hurt Droughts are some of the most costly economic stressors.  Frequently, droughts are  billion dollar weather events  and are one of the top three threats to population in the world (along with famine and flooding). There are three main ways droughts impact lives and communities: Farmers are often the first to feel the stresses from drought, and feel them hardest. The economic impacts of drought include losses in the timber, agricultural, and fisheries communities. Many of these losses are then passed on to consumers in the form of higher food prices. In less developed countries, once crops fail, famine can become a major problem.   Social impacts include increased chance of conflict over commodities, fertile land, and water resources. Other social impacts include abandonment of cultural traditions, loss of homelands, changes in lifestyle, and increased chance of health risks due to poverty and hygiene issues.The environmental impacts of drought include loss in species biodiversity, migration changes, reduced air quality, and increased soil erosion. Types of Droughts While droughts can be defined in many ways, three main drought types are commonly discussed: Hydrological Drought.  Many watersheds experience depleted amounts of available water. Lack of water in river systems and reservoirs can impact hydroelectric power companies, farmers, wildlife, and communities. Meteorological Drought.  A lack of precipitation is the most common definition of drought and is usually the type of drought referred to in news reports and the media. Most locations around the world have their own meteorological definition of drought based on the climate normals in the area. A normally rainy area that gets less rain than usual can be considered in a drought. Agricultural Drought.  When soil moisture becomes a problem, the agricultural industry is in trouble with drought.  Shortages in precipitation, changes in evapo-transpiration, and reduced ground water levels can create stress and problems for crops.​ US Droughts While droughts dont often cause deaths in the United States, the  Dust Bowl  in the U.S. Midwest is one example of the devastation that can occur.   Other parts of the world experience long periods without rains as well. Even during  monsoon season, areas (such as Africa and India) that depend on seasonal rains will often experience drought if the monsoon rains fail.   Preventing, Predicting, and Preparing for Droughts Want to know how drought is affecting your neighborhood right now? Be sure to monitor these drought resources links: The US Drought Portal  - See how drought impacts your community.The National Drought Mitigation Center - Great details on the difficulties and successes of predicting droughts are available at the NDMC. US Seasonal Drought Outlooks - The National Weather Service provides predictions of the chances of drought across the United States. Updated by Tiffany Means

Policy changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policy changes - Essay Example The current policy of the USA pertaining to the nuclear program of Iran has failed to serve its purpose and should be looked upon from a different dimension to have any positive effect. Like an expired drug, any outdated or faulty policy, if kept implemented, can have its adverse reaction. This is an important concept to understand. The effect of the USA current policy is not limited to Iran but it shares a common interest of many countries around the world. Iran’s desire to acquire nuclear technology has raised many eyebrows on the international horizon (Davis 2011). America continues to follow a non-lenient policy on this matter and has to come up with a strong response. President Obama’s speech in Cairo also addressed the issue of Iran’s nuclear program clearly stating the country’s policy on the subject. The U.S. has its concerns over Iran’s peaceful propositions. Therefore, a conflict is inevitable. Currently, the U.S. follows a policy of imple menting sanctions and using diplomatic tools to force Iran to give up its desire of pursuing nuclear technology. But nothing much has been achieved so far. Despite this fact few amendments have been made from the U.S. government in their current policy. As mentioned earlier, this has resulted in some side effects. Iran is now more determined to bypass the international forum. Retaliation also came in the form of Oil embargo that was imposed on the members of European Nation. Due to the fact that America has a history of rivalry with Iran, it could be deduced that any American enforcement will aggravate the situation. Moreover, it is the right of any country to utilize its resources to fuel the economy. Iran believes that a nuclear energy can resolve their crisis of energy needs and can boost their economy. Any obstacle from America that prevents Iran from achieving that goal will be viewed as a conspiracy against them. Therefore, a new policy is required to address this particular i ssue. A proposed policy could be a discussion with the Iranian Government over their energy needs, and an alternative solution to that crisis can be provided. How to Implement That Policy? The first and the foremost hurdle that resulted in the failure of the early policy was that it was implemented by the U.S. The history between the countries suggests that any proposition from any side will be dealt with criticism and suspicion (Fayazmanesh 2008). Moreover, this problem is not of the USA alone and president Obama made it very clear in his speech in Cairo that all the steps taken against Iran are in the best interest of all humanity. Let’s closely look at the situation, if Iran acquires nuclear technology, it will definitely initiate a nuclear arm race in the surrounding region that can have severe consequences. We cannot afford a third world war. If initiated, these nuclear weapons can lead to annihilation of our entire planet. But Iran is not ready to give up its program an d will surely reject the future U.S. policies. The cause of such response towards the U.S. policies by Iran can be traced back to history. The only country in the history of mankind that practically used nuclear weapons to destroy two cities and killed thousands of people in a blink of an eye is none other than the U.S. Though, many justifications were

Project documentation, specifications and discussion Essay

Project documentation, specifications and discussion - Essay Example Introduction This project was started following revelations that the current website of 1K bride was lacking some important features while some features were added unnecessarily. These problems were identified mostly by the staff and interested customers. The problems included: Out-dated website: not compatible in some internet browser; ‘internet explorer’ Incomplete website: some categories are left with empty spaces Inconsistent photos: different sizes of photos Repeated information: too much words, too much explanation could cause confusion to clients rather than clarify. Inconvenient search: in need of adding ‘side bar’ function for easier, and accurate search of dresses No search engine services: very limited ways for clients in finding our website Having realized the prospects of a good website, the company endeavored to improve it for greater achievement. The website improvement started a month ago with the first step being the briefing of 1K National Online Campaigner to engage the proposed online developers. This was followed by a detailed discussion of the upcoming project. A benchmarking exercise, whereby there was a comparison between the existing 1K bride website and similar websites. The main objective of the benchmarking exercise was to determine the general users’ expectations and industry standards could be clearly defined. This paper therefore presents the final product of the project starting from identification of the website limitations to the mock-up website. The mock-up program in this report comprise of improvements that reflect the requirements of the company, the expectations of the clients and staff, standards within the industry and elements that are vital to intercultural communication. 1.1 Methodology The following method was the appropriate one in the quest for improving the 1K website. Analysis and benchmarking This is the initial stage of the project. It is all about benchmarking exercise to iden tify the requirements for website development and the ultimate results that ensured that expectations of the clients and the general users are met. Not only the expectations of the general users but even the goals and objectives of the company be met after the improvement of the website. Contemporary professional communication issues The stage focused on the identification and discussions of issues related to professional communication. In particular, the project discusses in details digital literacy and how if affects the development and improvement of the proposed 1K bride website. Implementation of the proposed changes The completion of the first and second steps resulted to the third step which is all about implementation of the necessary changes. In a more elaborate way, this step involves additional of some features to realize 1K Bride organizational goals, redesigning the structure and the content of the structure to meet the taste and preferences of the users, and the elimin ation of the words that does not promote

History of the Chinese War Strategy

History of the Chinese War Strategy INTRODUCTION The PLA has been undergoing the Strategic Transition from preparing for an early, total and nuclear war in 1985 to a local and limited war in the current context. The PLA understanding of the nature of these future local wars has been greatly influenced by the 1991 Gulf War and the experiences of 1996 Taiwan Straits Crisis. PLA planners believe that future local wars will be a medium sized local war which could involve large scale sea crossing and amphibious landing operations, counter offensive operations in the border regions and repelling local foreign invasion. These wars are likely to manifest in wars involving national unification and disputes over maritime and land boundary issues. PREVIEW The WZC concept was first recorded in 1979 when an adhoc operational area command was formed during the Sino- Vietnam war. It is a doctrine developed for future military operations to be conducted in Chinas strategic neighbourhood as a limited war fought under Joint HQ. It entails limited objectives, greater central control with political settlement as the end result and considerable preparation. In order to develop an understanding of the concept, this paper is laid out as under:- (a) Historical and Theoretical Perspectives of Chinese War Strategy. (b) Chinese Views on the Characteristics of Future Wars. (c) Levels of Conflict. (d) Evolution of Chinese Mil Doctrine. (e) War Zone Campaign. (f) Interpretation of Terms at Operational / Campaign level. HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVEÂ  OF CHINESE WAR STRATEGY Transformation of the PLA. After Maos demise in 1976, saw the re-emergence of Deng Xiaoping. Under his political leadership, the military became disengaged from civilian politics and resumed the political quiescence that characterized its pre-Cultural Revolution role. Focus of military modernization was the reform of military organization, doctrine, education and training, and personnel policies to improve combat effectiveness in combined-arms warfare and the transformation of the defense establishment into a system capable of independently maintaining a modern military force. The reforms were implemented in the PLA from 1978-85. In 1985, the Enlarged Central Military Commission (CMC) endorsed Dengs shift in strategic thinking from preparing for an all out war to preparing for a local war. It carried out a review of sit and threats and concluded that there existed NO threat of early war, however a general war which could have a nuclear backdrop (nuclear war) was very much imminent. In 1995, the Enlarged Central Military Commission (CMC) meeting chaired by Jiang Zemiin officially adopted the Two Transformations (liangge zhuanbian) as the policy for army building to guide all aspects of PLA reform. It called for the Chinese army to undergo a metamorphosis from an army preparing to fight local wars under ordinary conditions to an army preparing to fight and win Local Wars Under Modern High -Tech Conditions; and from an army based on quantity to an army based on quality. Key PLA Teachings on Military Strategy. In 1987 Science of Military Strategy was published by Academy of Military Sciences which reflected change in strategic thinking from total war to local war. It was for internal circulation (neibu) to all officers at the divisional level and above. This, however, offered limited approach to strategy and was primarily based on Peoples War Under Modern Conditions (PWUMC) using positional and mobile warfare along with combined arms operations. It relied heavily on Soviet based invasion setting. In 1999, post Gulf War I, Science of Military Strategy was re-published by PLA National Defence University (NDU) and formed the core teaching text for Strategy Course at NDU. The salient highlights were the broader approach to strategy, covering a range of contingencies under modern hi-tech conditions and covered a range of varied objectives, intensity and lethality. This was followed by publication of Study of Campaigns in 2000. In 2001, AMS published open (gong kai) version of Science of Military Strategy in Chinese and, in 2005, the English version of the book was published. Theoretical Perspective. In general terms, Chinas military doctrine can be divided into four levels as under:- (a) Junshi Sixiang (Military Thought). (b) Zhanlue (Military Strategy). (c) Zhanyi (Military Campaigns). (d) Zhanshu (Military Tactics). Military Thought. This forms the foundational principles and concepts of war fighting and military struggle. It gives out the basic views for guiding and planning the overall situation of military struggle. However, specific guidelines or rules for conducting military operations are not specified. The concept of strategic thoughts is closely linked to Maos military thought and some of the relevant concepts include Active Def and Peoples War. Military Strategy Military Strategy, as per the NDU, is defined as planning and guidance for the overall situation of military struggle, including planning, deploying and guiding the construction and use of military force, to reach the effective achievement of a stated political goal. It is described as a trinity comprising of Strategic Goals (zhanlue mudi) Ends, Strategic Guidelines (zhanlue fangzhen) Ways and Strategic Means (zhanlue shouduan) Means. Strategy links Military Thought and Campaigns by providing general guidance for planning and conduct of military operations. The scope of Strategy includes (a) Threat Assessments. (b) Overall Strategic Goals. (c) Strategic Direction. (d) Basic Principles for conducting military struggle. (e) Means, methods and coordination of military struggle. Strategic Goals. Strategic Goals determine the ultimate political objective in any struggle and thus is linked to national interest. Strategic Missions (zhanlue renwu) are the operational tasks required for achieving strategic goals. Strategic missions and strategic goals are the comprehensive reflection of Strategic Circumstances (zhanlue xingshi) including the main features of international strategic situation and National security requirements. The focus of Strategic Goals during wartime includes operational aspects such as maintenance of initiative, destruction of enemy force. In peacetime, it is to safeguard national interests such as using military means to create deterrence for a stable external environment. Strategic Guidelines. Strategic Guidelines consist of general principles and programs for guiding overall situation of a military struggle. It is a closest analogue to operational doctrine, though at strategic level only, as opposed to campaign or tactical level. Past strategic guidelines include Peoples War Under modern Conditions and the current one being Local Wars under Modern High Tech Conditions. Organizational and operational modernization requirements for a force are determined from identification of appropriate strategic guideline. Strategic guidelines stipulate the following: (a) How to complete a strategic mission. (b) How to realize the strategic goal by identifying key points of struggle. (c) Identification of main Strategic directions. (d) Identification of Strategic deployments. Strategic guidelines are generally composed of five components: (a) Identification of Strategic Opponent. It is based on the threat to national interest and the operational threat is based on the specific military nature of threat. Strategic Direction. It primarily identifies the focal point of struggle and the centre of gravity for use of force to decisively shape the struggle. Basic Points of Preparations for Military Struggle. This refers to the type of struggle e.g. nuclear vs conventional. Basic Methods of Military Struggle. This includes Types of Struggle. Combat Operations vs Deterrence. Types of Strategic Operations. Offense or Defence. Main Operational Forms. Mobile Warfare or Positional Warfare. Types of Operations. Blockade or Ambush. (e) Guiding Thoughts and Principles for use of Military Force. This includes the options of Striking first or second (xianfa zhiren, or houfa zhiren) and Fighting a Protracted Warfare or Quick Decisive War. Strategy manifests in General (zong) or Specific Strategic Guidelines (juti zhanlue fangzhen). The WZC doctrine is a strategic guideline for Local War Under Hi-Tech Conditions (LWUHTC). Strategic Means. Strategic Means spells out ways and methods of using military force to achieve an objective what and how to use including military and non-military means. This can be carried out in basically four ways which include: (a) Actual combat operations in general or local war. (b) Deterrence operations which is the primary method to be used during peace time. (c) Warning operations which include strategic early warning, border defence and internal defence. (d) Combat readiness exercises including force build up, strategic troop transfers, adjustments in deployments, military exercises, weapons tests and war preparation tests. Spheres of Military Strategy. There are three identified spheres of military strategy: (a) Wartime Strategy (zhanzheng shiqi de zhanlue). This refers to periods of time when society as a whole deals with war, such as general war e.g. countering an invasion as the only type of general war China might face. (b) Peacetime Strategy (heping shiqi de zhanlue). This refers to periods when nation is not in a general state of war. Peace should not be confused with absence of future conflict, but LOW LIKELIHOOD of general war. It includes: (i) Deterrence operations. (ii) Crisis managment. Local war. (c) Local War Strategy (jubu zhanzheng de zhanlue). This is a special type of problem that occurs during peacetime. It has been defined as war with limited objectives in a part of an area where limited armed force is used. Traditionally Chinese Strategy has laid much emphasis on the initiative. Hence, the strategy advocated is pro-active vis-Ã  -vis reactive. Successive literatures on strategy have also re-emphasized that the operational or campaign level of operations is the most productive and rewarding for achieving political aims. The strategy adopted must be futuristic and support future national aims or roles. It must factor in economy of options and weigh the cost-benefit evaluation of war i.e. whether to go to war and how best to profitably conclude it. The stated doctrine must also conform to Chinas image and position of assertiveness after century of humiliation. In order to ensure no direct threats to China there is a deliberate effort to gradually move towards capability driven from threat-driven which has been a fallout of emerging international / regional situation. CHARACTERISTICS OF FUTURE WARS Characteristics of Future Conflict. Some of the assessed characteristics of future conflicts are as under:- (a) Future conflicts will be restricted in their scale, means and timing of war. (b) Objectives would be often political / diplomatic rather than military in nature. (c) Conflict processes will be under greater centralized control and political settlement will invariably be the end result. (d) Conflict resolutions will have to be carried out amidst complicated international background. (e) Even though wars would be limited in nature, they would require detailed and prolonged preparation. (f) Pre-emptive strikes would be a major form of action. (g) Costs of wars would be high despite their short duration. (f) Globalization and integration would result in spilling of economically deleterious effects of war. (g) Brief conflicts can best be handled by following the maxim killing the chicken to scare the monkeys. (h) Demonstrative operations would be essential for politically sensitive objectives. (j) A decisive result in conflict resolution will not be essential though welcome. (k) There are going to be political, economic and prestige payoffs resulting from conflicts and hence the need to factor in ways of exercising control over each one of them. (l) Cost-benefit evaluation of wars would be a major input in deciding the end-state decisions of conflicts. (m) Internal perception management of the people will be a major factor in consolidating national efforts. LEVELS OF CONFLICT Levels of Conflict. The levels of conflict assessed to occur in near future are as under:- (a) National Level. A national level conflict would involve national mobilization of resources. It will be characterized by centralized control by the CMC. The objectives and decisions in such a case would be strategic in nature (zhan lue xing). (b) Theatre level. A conflict at theatre level would involve the Military Region (MR) / MRs. The battle area under such circumstances would be called War Zone Front and overall control will be exercised by nominated MR / HQ. (c) Campaign Level (corresponds to own operational level zhanyixing). A campaign level operation would involve Combined Arms Gp Armies (CAGA) or gps of CAGAs (corps equivalents / groups of these). The area of conflict is termed as campaign zone (qu). In peacetime, the area of battle maybe under a Military Region or part of it; in wartime, however, it would be referred to as war zone. The outcome of WZC directly affects realization of national strategic objective. Equivalent weightage is given (employed as appropriate to mission) to all four services. EVOLUTION OF PLA DOCTRINE The PLA Doctrine has evolved over the years commencing from its basic aim to defeat the Nationalist forces to ensuring territorial integrity and subsequently as a tool for diplomacy and external relations. It has transformed itself as under:- Peoples War (Pre 1949 till 1960). The Peoples War doctrine, was the result of lessons learned from the War of Resistance against Japan (1937-1945), and emphasized the preparation of masses of foot soldiers and militia to engage in prolonged guerrilla warfare in Chinas vast interior. This era also marked the looming threat of total, nuclear war and the Chinese capabilities being almost defensive against any strategic nuclear attack. The Chinese strengths basically included space and people and hence basic Strategy involved mobilization of population, trading time for space and final counter-offensive to annihilate the enemy. (b) Peoples War under Modern Conditions (PWUMC). (1960 to 1985) This change in doctrine was a result of the changed perceptions post Sino-Soviet split in 1960. The strategy aimed to develop capability to check aggression forward to gain time for national mobilization and Peoples War. The Chinese strategy during the period was aimed at defeating a Soviet type invasion before it could penetrate deeply into China. It envisaged a forward defense that is near the border, to prevent attack on Chinese cities and industrial facilities, particularly in north and northeast China. Such a defense-in-depth required positional warfare, much closer to the border, in the initial stages of a conflict. This strategy downplayed the peoples war strategy of luring in deep in a protracted war. It also took into account the adaptations in strategy and tactics necessitated by technological advances in weaponry. (c) Limited War (jubu zhanzheng) Under Hi-Tech Conditions (LWUHTC) (Post-1985). This was promulgated after Dengs call for a review of the existing strategy. This came into being due to reduction in the Soviet threat due to Sino- US entente, the demonstration of hi-tech weapon systems employed in the Gulf War I and the post-liberalized growth of Chinese Comprehensive National Power (CNP). The strategy placed reliance on small, effective, hi-tech capable, tri-service integrated troops. It also stressed the need to fight away from borders or exclusive economic zone (EEZ). (d) Limited War under Conditions of Informationization (LWUCI). This f irst found expression in 2004 White Paper. Informationisation was to be treated as a Force Multiplier and it sought to integrate all available platforms or assets. This is also in consonance with development of Chinese infrastructure and capabilities in their efforts to undergo RMA. WZC THE PLAs DOCTRINEÂ  FORÂ  CAMPAIGN IN WARZONES WZC. War Zone Campaign as a doctrine evolved for conducting a limited war under high technological conditions. Future campaigns under the doctrine will be fought by combined arms synergy applied under unified joint command and control HQs. Such a HQ is created in theatre of operations by pooling in resources from Mil Region HQs and offrs from Gen Staff Department. WZC is an intermediate between Combined Arms GA (CAGA) army dominated command and total war where more than one war zones are activated simultaneously. Salient characteristics of the WZC are as under:- (a) The doctrine has been developed by PLA for future wars which are going to be limited wars and conducted in peripheral regions under a joint HQ. (b) It is a joint services campaign and an intermediate between military region and national (CMC) level campaign. (c) WZC is designed for a local / limited campaign but however its outcome determines realization of national objectives. (d) PLA Mil Regions already have AF / Navy on their orbat or under operational control. (e) PLA traditionally has been Mil Region-centric. WZC envisages imposition of another higher HQ to: (i) Coordinate employment of troops of more than one Mil Region. (ii) Act as CMC representatives for employment / control of tactical, strategic and nuclear missiles. As it involves more than one MR, theatre-wide control, coordination and deception is ensured by imposition of this HQ. A recent example is of the Taiwan straits incident when the PLA was engaged in large scale exercises and firing rockets across the Taiwan Strait in 1996 when Gen Kui Fulin from GSD was superimposed on Nanjing MR and Guangzhou MRs and formed the Fujian Front. WZC in the Level of Conflict. WZC is an intermediate between Combined Arms GA (CAGA) army dominated command and total war where more than one war zones are activated simultaneously. In the spectrum of Level of Conflict it is short of a national mobilization but more than CAGA ops. PARTIAL MOB OR TOTAL MOB WZC COMBINED ARMS GP ARMY OPS Salient Features of the Doctrine. The doctrine envisages combined arms and joint service operations. In depth strike. Aim is not to engage enemy at forward positions but in depth through infiltration, forced penetration, air projections and flank intrusions. There is a requirement of professionally and technically qualified person to operate high tech advance equipment. It envisages mastery in outer space. Delegation of command to lower commanders as severe hindrances / loss of command during operations is envisaged. It places great emphasis on C4ISR systems. Interpretation of Terms. Certain important terms used in definition of the doctrine are as under:- (a) Local and Temp Superiority (LATS) Concentration of Force at point of decision. (b) Trans-Regional Sp Ops (TRSO) Flexibility. (c) Gaining Initiative by Striking First (GISF) Initiative, Offensive Action, Pre-emptive Action. (d) Quick Battle, Quick Resolution (QBQR) Simultaneity of ops, Non-Linearity, Tempo (Speed, Momentum). (e) Elite Forces, Sharp Arms (EFSA) Appropriateness, Economy of Effort. Implementation of WZC. The basic aim of WZC is to turn PLA inferiority into superiority by three pronged strategy namely Elite Forces Sharp Arms (EFSA), Gaining Initiative by Striking First (GISF) and Quick Battle, Quick Resolution (QBQR). These are deliberated upon in succeeding paras. Elite Forces Sharp Arms (EFSA) Elite Forces Sharp Arms (EFSA). What justifies EFSA is that limited nature of local war makes it possible to achieve local and temporary superiority through the concentrated use of the EFSA. The use of EFSA can be optimized by their deployment, coordination and command. EFSA Dply Coord Trans Regional Sp Ops (TRSO) Dply per se Comd Deployment. A relatively new concept in this aspect is the Trans Regional Sp Ops (TRSO). Its implication at campaign level and at strategic level is as explained below:- (a) At Campaign Level. Deployment of EFSA must be with the aim to achieve comprehensive strike effects, and for this forces must be carefully selected. The principle also advocates Dispersed deployment of optimal forces to deny enemy window of vulnerability and increase survivability of own forces and to achieve concentration of effects by concentrating destructive effects of these arms and forces which is the basic prerequisite for achieving local and temporary superiority. (b) At Strategic Level. It envisages deployment of the best available forces and arms from other Mil Regions to reinforce war zone where local war may occur. Such a trans regional support operation (TRSO) has many advantages:- (i) It enhances political and diplomatic initiatives. (ii) Avoids sustained force deployment but optimizes readiness in the rear. (iii) RRU/RRFs ensure indirect forward presence by utilizing mobility. (iv) It may also prevent escalation as also enable local and temporary superiority in psychological terms. Coord. Coordination of sub campaigns is a must to achieve synergy of effect w/o inter service friction. It is aimed at permitting service commanders to coordinate and control respective services sub campaigns. As EFSA is associated with technology intensive services [RRF, Special Ops Forces (SOF), Navy, AF, Sec Arty] the relationship between services / branches has to be defined by equality and partnership in a joint services campaign. Hence coordination of joint service campaigns is a crucial issue for successful conduct of WZC. Principles of Coordination of Joint Campaigns. (a) Coordination is centered on whichever service that conducts the sub campaign. It calls for a heightened sense of responsibility and initiative by service commanding officers. (b) An important aspect for coordination is the timing and manner of transition from one phase of the campaign to another for example from electronic to air sub campaign, to sea denial and crossing operations, then to amphibious landing and ground operations. The coordination between various services is also very important during transitions to reduce internal chaos and friendly fire casualty. (c) Coordination in stratagem (e.g. outflanking troop movement to divert enemy forces to secondary fronts) is important to determine whether local and temporary superiority will be achieved on the primary front. (d) A common method of coordination is mutual dispatch of service representatives to coordinate air-land, air-sea or sea land operations. (e) Modes of coordination are strike zone based, target based and timing based. (f) Most important coordination mechanism is establishment of joint force command. Principles of Command. A joint command is established with deputy commanding officers from Air force, Navy and Sec Arty. The joint command formulates joint services operational plans and conducts inter service coordination. Some issues related with command are as under (a) Extent and Timing of Centralised Command. Command must be centralised during planning. However during execution, a decentralized command and service autonomy are desirable. (b) Traditional Mil Region command organs are ground force dominated and hence could be a potential for inter service friction during implementation. (c) Under WZC, a joint command is established using the present Mil Region command as nucleus. (d) The joint command may have higher proportion of command and staff officers from services other than the army as necessitated by the requirement.. 32. Trans Regional Sp Ops (TRSO). (a) This deals with concentration of EFSA at strategic level. (b) It aims at deployment of best forces and arms from other Mil Regions to reinforce the War Zone e.g. Rapid Reaction Forces (RRF), missiles, AF etc. (c) It focuses on development of rapid reaction forces and capabilities in the rear while maintaining a moderate level of forces deployed forward. (d) It contributes to achievement of local and temporary superiority. (e) TRSO stresses on tech based mobility and effectiveness to achieve its aim. (f) Enhances political and diplomatic initiatives by maintaining reduced forces in the fwd areas and de-escalating tensions. Capabilities: RRF. (a) Adaptation and responsiveness are the two key elements of RRF. (b) It is intended for quick reaction to deal with internal security (IS) and local / ltd border conflicts. (c) These forces are maintained at full strength with all terrain and all weather capability including survival training for 48 hours. (d) They have the capability to reach anywhere in any Mil Region within 24 to 48 hours. (e) RRFs of 15 AB Corps can reach anywhere in China within seven days. Gaining Initiative By Striking First (GISF) Gaining Initiative By Striking First (GISF). Increased precision and lethality of high tech weapons causes unprecedented destruction. Under such conditions the side that strikes second may lose momentum and face the prospects of defeat. As also the demarcation between first and second strike will be less relevant and hence by carrying out first strike a local and temporary superiority may be achieved. However, first strike may not lead to temporary initiative if the enemy is well prepared and anticipates the strike. This can be ensured by element of surprise and initiation of the initial battle of the campaign. GISF is hence associated with the beginning of the campaign. Gaining Initiative by Striking First Element of Surprise Initiation and Initial Battle of the Campaign Note: China will not be averse to striking first ? Element of Surprise. There are two key issues while considering Element of Surprise. If adversary is well prepared and anticipates strike, effect is reduced hence the need for element of surprise. There is a requirement of identifying enemy intentions and capabilities and simultaneously concealment of PLA intentions and capability. This can be achieved by concealing the real and demonstrating the false by employing conventional / asymmetric, electronic and civil-military means. (a) Transparency of En Intentions and Capabilities. (i) At the Strat Level. This can be achieved through long term, systematic and institutionalized study and analysis of military target especially with regard to his war fighting doctrine, styles, command, organization and weapon systems. (ii) At the Campaign Preparation Level. This can be achieved by acquiring and affirming intelligence with regard to the enemy by continuously monitor enemy movement, weapons and targets by the use of satellites, surveillance ships, planes, radars, radios and human intelligence. (b) Successful Concealment of PLAs Intentions and Capabilities. Modern technology enables effective surveillance and difficult concealment. Non tech means employed in 1991 Gulf War resulted in successful concealment achieving local and temporary superiority. Also fighting the battle close to Chinas borders would increase success of concealment. Methods of Concealment. Some of the measures which may be employed to confuse the adversary about timing, place, scale, nature and direction of the campaign initiation are:- (a) Create a situation of internal intensity and external relaxation i.e. political and diplomatic means be employed to conceal strategic intentions. (b) Concealing the real (hiding real forces by camouflage). (c) Demonstrate the false (use of dummy planes, ships, tanks, vehicles, artillery pieces and use reserve militia to show false deployment). (d) Blending the real with the false and illusory with the substantial (mixing real and substantial forces with false and illusory ones, meshing forces with civilian facilities). (e) Electronic measures (ECM, deception, ECCM). 37. Initiation and Initial Battle of the Campaign. (a) There is a contradiction between active defence as a central principle of PLA military operations and first strike (GISF in fact becomes a central component of active defence). (b) Window of opportunity for first strike is the period between the failure of political and diplomatic initiatives at the strategic level and completion of enemy deployment between the ens strat choice and his strat probe. (c) The outcome of the first battle would be crucial to determine whether local initiative is seized or not and hence it is necessary to Throw a powerful and superior initial strike force into the initial battle. (d) In order to maintain the advantage created by the initial battle, resolute, active and continuous offensive must be carried out to deny enemy breathing space. Quick Battle Quick Resolution If GISF is the beginning of the campaign, QBQR is the conclusion. QBQR deals with prosecution and conclusion of the campaign. The importance of QBQR arises from the fact that border wars fought for disputed territories will be limited to a confined area and not for total conquest of a country. Hence, there is a need to contain the conflict and achieve final resolution at one stroke. QBQR seeks to avoid prolonging of war as (high tech weapons would also cause extensive damage to own military and civil infrastructure in the event of a prolonged war. As the PLA is deemed inferior in technology, the enemy may regain and counter strike to cause PLA a defeat if war is protracted. QBQR INFO OFFENSIVE OFFENSIVE OPS MOB FIRE POWER AMBUSH SOFT KILL HARD KILL CONTINUOUS DEEP STRIKE VERTICAL STRIKE MOB SURPRISE ATTACK Methods to Achieve QBQR. Mobility and Offensive operations are the two key concepts to achieve QBQR. Mobility. Mobility is a pre-requisite for carrying out continuous and dynamic offensives. Mobile Warfare is dependent on good infrastructure and complex logistics but these leave adequate signature for the enemy to pick up. Whether local information superiority can be achieved will determine whether QBQR can be realized in PLAs favour. Counter reconnaissance is advocated to achieve information superiority (neutralise ens C4I by use of anti svl satl measures, laser and kinetic energy, particle beam wpns and other measures) which also helps in achieving surprise. There is a need to mitigate threats to mobility from air by integrated air defense measures required to defeat over-the-horizon (OTH) beyond-visual-range (BVR) missiles and their launch platforms, smart bombs, stealth tactical aircraft and attack helicopters (AH). Modes of Mobilization. Employing various modes of mobilization may enhance deception or reduce exposure and casualty, thus improving the odds of local and temporary initiatives. These include (a) Exterior Line Mobilization. This involves establishment of one or several inter-connected mob