Responding to Wii Essay Example

Reacting to Wii Essay Then again, there are down engineers, who give the games to the particular reassure with which end-clients play. Both end-clients and game engineers are clients of suppliers of computer game consoles, to be specific Nintendo (WI reassure), Sony (Palpitation 3 support), and Microsoft (Oxbow 360 comfort). They are clients since suppliers go into exchanges with every one of them and both are wellsprings of income streams, end clients through the acquisition of computer game consoles and game engineers through the installment of sovereignties for the option to sell games for the computer game support. End clients and game engineers additionally do exchanges between them, to be specific through the procurement of games offered for the reassure. There is a distinction however in the quantity of connections, as designers build up exchanges with each of the three, while end clients just with one of the three suppliers. The market isn't just a case of a stage, however above all of the presence of system externalities in the market. End clients discover more an incentive In their consoles as the end client base Increases, since every individual would have the option to share and trade gaming encounters with more end diviners. We will compose a custom article test on Responding to Wii explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Responding to Wii explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Responding to Wii explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer They additionally discover more an incentive in their consoles as the other pool of clients, that is, game engineers, increments. This is because of the way that progressively game designers infer more games accessible to browse. Designers likewise discover more an incentive in the stage as the quantity of end clients increments, since having an adequate number of buyers of their games Is the thing that decides the benefit of their product improvement endeavors. Suppliers of computer game consoles finance end clients, since these clients are more value delicate than game designers and are the ones ho have a higher enthusiasm for getting high caliber from the gaming experience. At the point when another comfort is propelled, the value that end clients pay for their consoles is for the most part beneath or at the expense of creation. Costs of games, then again, for the most part rely upon the nature of each title, on the pool of titles accessible for each comfort, and on the general notoriety of game engineers and distributers. Game designers pay suppliers of computer game consoles a fixed eminence for each game created for the comfort. Current contenders for Nintendo are Sony and Microsoft. Up until Wigs dispatch, it tends to be said that the three reassure suppliers contended precisely for a similar end client showcase, specifically customary video gamers. By then Sony, with the Play Stations 2 and 3 was an unmistakable in the market, in view of a superior quality item. Nintendo, through the dispatch of Its WI support, Introduced an extreme Innovation, which broadened video gaming Into client portions that had not been reached Deter: Tamales, ladies, more established individuals, sports darlings, Ana trotter another route AT playing with the video reassure considerably more intuitive. This expansion is the thing that has given Nintendo the administration in the market, not predominant assets or abilities that are difficult to imitate. Rivalry from built up rivals is the most significant wellspring of serious weight in the business. Being in a stage showcase with organize externalities, the three suppliers fight for a more extensive end client base that will make their foundation much progressively significant to the two sides of the market. It is essential to shoulder as a main priority, notwithstanding, that the stage advertise is crossing limits into the more extensive home PC and media outlets, an issue that is determinant in Microsofts choice to enter the computer game industry. This is essential to consider while assessing the benefit of the business, for low or negative returns of certain players don't infer that the business isn't conceivably gainful. Specifically, Microsofts objectives are presumably progressively related with fortifying the system impacts of the stage with an eye set on offering items and administrations past gaming. Nintendo, then again, is presumably progressively centered around the advancement of the gaming business just, with no view to intersection further limits. Furthermore, both Nintendo and Sony have a compact comfort (Nintendo ADS and Sony SSP) which channels their situation in the market and gives a wellspring of economies of scale. Force in the business lies with suppliers of computer game consoles. Game engineers rely upon the mechanical capacities of the consoles to offer new alluring games. Reassure suppliers can figure out which game designers can offer items for their foundation, and it is comfort suppliers who offer the improvement instruments and bolster required for programming advancement endeavors. End clients, albeit profoundly energetic by quality, at last breaking point their decision of computer game insoles to the contributions of the market, in light of their value affectability and saw complete expense of proprietorship. End clients unmistakably esteem the items offered in the business, as prove by the way that all most recent age reassures sold out at dispatch and the three organizations experienced gracefully lack to satisfy need. They moreover face exchanging costs, given that their bought games can't be played with a contenders reassure. At long last, end clients, freely of the support need to approach all games, so most engineers are compelled to create variants for the three insoles, and their capacity is in this manner constrained. Microchip makers (Intel, MOM, Toshiba), in spite of the fact that providing an item that is exceptionally significant for the mechanical abilities of the consoles, come up short on the ability to order power because of the way that their business connection with their clients isn't restricted to support creation yet rather incorporate the more extensive buyer gadgets ventures. Sometimes, explicitly with the Oxbow and Palpitations, producing isn't done by the organization itself, yet rather is re-appropriated to assembling organizations, (for example, Hon. Ha Precision Industry). These don't hold, be that as it may, significant force inside the business, given the significance of their significant clients in their all out deals. Substitutes in this industry are other home theater setups that are not really centered around computer games. PC-based computer games could likewise be viewed as a substitute, just as portable gaming. Be that as it may, none of these intently substitute support gaming. Compact consoles speak to an augmentation, as permit end clients to play in another condition. There are high boundaries to section since arrange impacts are solid, multi-homing costs Tort Ana clients lead youngster to lean toward navels a couple of consoles, Ana current reassure suppliers appreciate showcase power. An exceptionally evolved innovation is another hindrance. For another player to enter it would need to offer a prevalent support, with a similarity that permits end clients to utilize the games they have put resources into, or retaining the cost that end clients would cause while thinking about the switch. Comfort improvement and promoting, notwithstanding, require billions of dollars, building associations with engineers, and aloof reaction from current support suppliers. Envelopment from various stage markets could hypothetically be conceivable, yet existing players (for the most part Microsoft and Sony) could likewise be in a situation to counter-encompass. Because of the key players experience and abilities in other innovation organizations more extensive than video gaming, the business has advanced by including functionalities and administrations past the gaming experience. Stage envelopment endeavors by another stage market could prompt value wars that diminish the appeal of the business to possible participants. Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft are for the most part very much situated inside the business. They all have developing cut off client bases and associations with game designers, prompting system externalities in their foundation markets. Nintendo has consistently had higher working edges, in any event, when Sony was the pioneer of the business. This is generally, nonetheless, a consequence of the higher eminence charges that they extricate from game designers, an appropriation of intensity that won't really hold to the future, taking into account that contenders can possibly offer energizing and alluring abilities for engineers in their new consoles. Higher edges may likewise be the aftereffect of having a higher extent of Ames created in-house, which would be an indication that their mastery are in game advancement instead of in comforts. Sony and Microsoft, given their innovative abilities, relations with suppliers and advertising skill, may be in a superior situation to additionally advance the functionalities past the gaming experience as the business crosses limits. Microsofts skill in advanced conveyance could put it in a superior situation to lessen costs and extend their range, and along these lines permit them to make some key moves that could improve their present market position s an inaccessible third. Vital Resources and Capabilities of Nintendo and Competitors The video gaming industry, and explicitly the arrangement Microsoft has particular abilities in item improvement, advertising, and dissemination. They are likewise celebrated for sorting out for imagination, implying that they urge difference and analysis to prod better innovative arrangements. They additionally have qualities in the adaptability of their creation, as in they can react rapidly to item advancement openings (mostly because of their re-appropriating game plans). At long last, Microsoft has massive monetary assets. This is significant when you consider that they can additionally create limits that they need through air conditioning

Traditionl Healers in Latin America Free Essays

Presentation Traditional healers otherwise called curanderismo are significant piece of Latin American culture, society and a lifestyle. Conventional healers have been a piece of Latin American culture for a large number of years and even today are considered as significant as the customary medicinal services experts (Avila, 1999). The administrations of these healers are utilized widely and they are very much regarded and respected individuals from the network. We will compose a custom paper test on Traditionl Healers in Latin America or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Not anybody can be a healer and so as to become one an exceptional ability and broad preparing is required (Avila, 1999). The motivation behind this paper is to talk about the job of customary healers in Latin American culture and to examine what monetary, social and strict reasons conventional healers are still so mainstream these days in Latin America. Who Can Be a Traditional Healer? One of the most intriguing parts of the customary healers in Latin America is that no everybody can be one. This is a hitting appear differently in relation to customary clinical experts where calling has become something optional and where a greater number of individuals than not go into the clinical field not due to real want to help but since it pays well. The story is totally unique for the conventional healers as the cutting edge is cautiously hand-picked dependent on what is called â€Å"el don† or a blessing (Avila, 1999). This blessing can't be obtained or prepared, an individual either has it or not. Having blessing isn't sufficient however as another student needs to prepare for an extremely prolonged stretch of time under the rehearsing conventional healer so as to become familiar with the authority and the art of recuperating (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Another fascinating qualification between what Latin American customary healers and normal medicinal services experts is the center way of thinking that underlines their work. Conventional medication centers around manifestations and causes, while for the customary healer the most significant center of any issue is profound one, as the ailment is the basically an awkwardness that must be revised (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Healers are additionally very on top of nature and as it will be talked about beneath they depend a ton of regular cures, etc (Avila, 1999). Otherworldliness and religion go connected at the hip on the grounds that as it was referenced above mending powers are viewed as the one of a kind blessing one has gotten from some higher element and subsequently religion assumes significant job in crafted by conventional healers. What Exactly Do Traditional Healers Do? Amazingly simply like any medicinal services experts, customary healers in Latin America additionally have their own specializations and territories of training. While some have extremely limited and explicit regions, such are cultivators or birthing assistants for instance; others regularly have been prepared in different claims to fame and can give the â€Å"full bundle care† (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Notwithstanding the claim to fame each conventional healer consistently thinks about the ailment as a perplexing indication of issues in physical, passionate and profound planes. Customary healers use assortment of means in their practices. They get ready different blends, moisturizers, mixtures, oils and different substances for utilizations or for outside use. Be that as it may, the substances are just the piece of the training. There are numerous ceremonies, contributions and supplications that establish mending rehearses. The customs could be intricate and incorporate different articles and things such as birds’ eggs, or water or fire. Every one of these things are accepted to be significant segments in the recuperating procedure and are as a rule some portion of the custom. Healers frequently give their customers different talismans to ensure or to recuperate them including wristbands, pieces of jewelry and different items. Numerous natural and plant matters are utilized including extremely normal veggies, flavors and organic products like papaya, potatoes, garlic, cumin, mint and others (Davidow, 1999). At long last conventional healers utilize numerous mental methods as they are regularly sharp onlookers and understudy of human instinct (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Numerous healers concede that the utilization of ceremonies is accomplished for the patients’ purpose as it helps in mending process. Strikingly there is a logical help to this thought as the â€Å"placebo effect† demonstrates that something with solid interesting force can convey wanted outcomes. Financial, Religious, and Social Explanation For the Use of Traditional Healers in Latin America There are various reasons why conventional healers are so broad and regularly utilized in Latin America. One explanation is absolutely monetary as conventional healers are the main clinical consideration numerous families could bear (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Conventional healers when all is said in done don't take any cash from their customers and unquestionably don't take anything from extremely poor customers. They could acknowledge contributions for their administration yet it is done on case to case premise. So hence the most significant financial motivation behind why healers are utilized is on the grounds that their administrations are free. Another motivation behind why healers are so mainstream is strict. As it was portrayed above so as to be a healer one must have a blessing from the high profound force (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Healers frequently offer a type of a blend of strict, otherworldly and physical practices that reverberate with the Latin American people group that has this blend additionally present. Latin American culture is both otherworldly and strict and this is actually what healers do offer. The strict/profound part of mending process is something that is strikingly not quite the same as conventional medication and this is the reason healers are so mainstream. They frequently utilize strict articles in rehearses and the mending procedure including symbols, crosses, etc. At last there is a social clarification for why customary healers are so frequently utilized even today. Healers have been customarily a piece of network as well as all around regarded and appreciated individuals from network. Latin American culture is notable for its solid social ties and solid network sense (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Thus if there should arise an occurrence of sickness or some other disease the primary response is to go to the network part, a customary healer than to go the clinic which many couldn't bear the cost of at any rate. Healers additionally offer social and profound help and regularly in any event, advising, in this manner making it significantly more probable for an individual to look for their assistance. As it was talked about above, financial, strict and social purposes behind utilizing conventional healers are solid and as a general rule they work related significantly further supporting one another. For instance, when an individual has no cash, he is more averse to go to an emergency clinic. A healer could likewise play into person’s strictness and feeling of network, so this elements together make a customary healer more famous than any neighborhood medical clinic. End Traditional healers have been and no doubt will be soon a significant piece of Latin American culture and lifestyle. Conventional healers work inside network and are significant and very much regarded individuals from the network. They are frequently the final retreat for poor sections of populace, and the unpredictable collaborations of social, strict and financial factors regularly make them more appealing and well known than nearby clinics. Customary healers frequently have explicit specializations, for example, botanists or birthing assistants, yet many have various specializations. Not anybody can be a healer as it requires a blessing and broad preparing. Customary healers offer an assortment of administrations including physical treatment, different cures and special necklaces and profound and mental directing. Otherworldliness is significant piece of training and is one part which makes healers so well known. Customary healers’ approach contrasts essentially from conventional medication approach since it is more multileveled and all encompassing. Healers as it were attempt to address the issues on both physical and otherworldly levels, while the customary medication frequently centers around physical side effects and certainly less on profound parts of sickness. Healers are obviously frequently dislike by the clinical network and called â€Å"quack doctors† on the grounds that they don't have formal preparing and training. However Latin American people group despite everything utilize their administrations broadly and strikingly even settler networks like Mexicans in the US for instance, despite everything utilize conventional healers. Late gauges exhibited that the same number of as 75% of Latin Americans living in Texas utilized conventional healers in a single way or the other to either totally or halfway arrangement with their ailments or infirmities (Tafur, 2009). This pattern is probably not going to change at any point in the near future, after every single conventional healer have been a piece of Latin American culture for a large number of years. References: Avila E (1999). Lady Who Glows in the Dark: A Curandera Reveals Traditional Aztec Secrets of Physical and Spiritual Health. New York: Penguin Putnam. Davidow J (1999). Mixtures of Healing: A Treasury of Mexican-American Herbal Remedies. New York: Simon Schuster. Tafur, M. M. , Crowe, T. K. , Torres, E. (2009). A survey of curanderismo and mending rehearses among Mexicans and Mexican Americans. Word related Therapy International, 16(1), 82-88. Trotter, R. T. , Chavira, J. A. (1997). Curanderismo: Mexican American Folk Healing. College of Georgia Press. The most effective method to refer to Traditionl Healers in Latin America, Papers

How to MIT again!

1 / How to MIT again! Returning back to the Tute To set the mood:  Come Home  by Baynk. A most stunning sunset of Dorm Row my first week back. #nofilter. Returning back to the Tute “After a period abroad, also returning back home can bring about some uncertainty as you may undergo a process of re-adjustment in your place of origin.”  ETH Zürich Student Exchange Office The past month has been quite the eventful return back to the Institute. Its odd how quickly everything felt familiar again. Even after being away for over 9 months, Boston still feels like home. I spent the first few days moving my stuff from storage into an off-campus apartment and settling into a new pace of life, an expat readapting01 Refer to last section: ema href=https://www.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/associates/students/studium/auswaerts-studieren/culture-shock_outgoing.pdfReturning Home/a/em.  to home base. Luckily, I had a friend who rented a Zipcar van and helped me move last minute on Labor Day. Classes started out fast, but I managed to keep up the first week. This semester, Im taking 6.046, 6.810, 7.012, and German II. I dont know if its experience, but classes seemed more manageable, less overwhelming to start. Of course, you can only fool yourself for so long that you have it all figured out. One week in, I was back to being hosed again. There was so much I needed to do. Picking classes, dropping classes, meeting with my advisor, attending welcome-back meetings, more meetings, this and that, cancelling my storage contract, setting up electricity for my new apartment, getting my skates sharpened, getting a haircut, figuring out transfer credit forms. This past week, I was really hosed. The psets started to pile up: 3 for 6.046, 1 for 7.012, daily assignments for German II. I had my   first midterm02 Does that even count as a midterm? in 7.012 this week. I spent over 5 hours in the shop laser cutting and bending acrylic for 6.810 one evening. This past week I left for campus at 8:45am for German at 9am, and often didnt return until past midnight, bouncing from class to class, office hours to office hours, library to library, pset to pset group, school to the rink and back. I had forgotten how stressful of a place MIT could be, how much everything is thrown at you at once, even if youre intentionally about finding that balance, the sweet spot. Ive forced my thinking caps to engage at max throttle, trying to connect the dots and synthesize as much as I canâ€"that is, fast Fourier transforms in 6.046, adaptive learning in 6.810, amino acids in 7.012, and adjective endings in German. Staying on top of classes and all is a full-time commitment. School has no bounds; work becomes life around here. While frantically dashing from building to building along the Infinite or the tunnels, Ive run into so many people I hadnt seen in nearly a year. Many hellos, how are you, how have you been, lets catch up soon! Many new faces, too. Theres now 3 classes under me, and another set of freshmen I dont know.03 The past two years I had been a counselor for the a href=https://www.eecs.mit.edu/outreach/discover-ee target=_blank rel=noopenerCourse 6 FPOP/a, and through a href=http:www.mitifc.com/ target=_blank rel=noopenerRush/a, I would meet a good number of the incoming class. This year I didn’t partake in either. For my final year at MIT, Im ready to do it smarter, not harder. Im starting the year with a fresh slate, a new mindset, a new perspective. Overall, I just want to enjoy it, take it all in. I want to be deliberate in the opportunities to which I say yes, or no, and honest with myself the things I cant run away from.04 Read: 6.046, 7.012, one more PE class, finding a full-time job. To that end, I put together a  Senior Year Manifesto, edicts that I hope to follow to guide my decision making and priorities. My Senior Year Manifesto: all the things to which Im saying yes, an obliged yes, or a firm no. Also, my goals for the month. Yes to JOMO,  no to FOMO! An Evening with Champions The second week of school, I performed at Harvards An Evening with Champions (EWC) for the fourth time. Organized by Harvard undergraduates, this was the 48th rendition of the show with a lengthy legacy, spanning 26 Olympic Champions and over $2.9 million raised for the Jimmy Fund in support of the fight against cancer. This years cast included several elite international athletes, National Champions, and Olympians, including two PyeongChang athletes. The show consumed half of the week between the Gala Dinner at Elliot House, night-long rehearsals for the opening and closing number, and shows Friday and Saturday evening. In between warmups and show numbers backstage, I tried my best to catch up on my classes and pset (I even got some help from some of the organizers who concentrate in biology). Heres a recording of my performance during the Saturday show. Shoutout to all the MITs who trekked across the river to come support and watch this years EWC! The cast of Harvards 48th Evening With Champions. Friends from the MIT Figure Skating Club: Jon L. 18 (visited from NYC!), Diane Z. 19, Sabina C. 19, Ananya N. 19. 3-Day Weekend: Brunch with a Nobel Laureate Picked up some goodies during (my last?) Career Fair. Last Friday was Career Fair. We didnt have classes, but I didnt expect to spend much time there. Somehow I ended up talking to companies and roaming around from 11a to 4p when it ended, with a 30-minute lunch break in between. #tbt to my first career fair. I still need to figure out what I want to do with my life. Should I MEng? Or work full-time? And if so, in what, where, how, why, when? So many questions, so few answers. Sunday morning I had the opportunity to attend the Katharine Dexter McCormick Society  (KDMS) Appreciation Brunch. Rainer Weiss 55, PhD 62, gave the keynote, Exploring the Universe with Gravitational Waves, and talked about his work on gravitational waves and LIGO that earned him the Nobel Prize in physics. KDMS honors those who have made planned gifts and bequests to come to MIT after their lifetimes. In addition to founding a womens dorm at MIT, Katharine Dexter McCormick (1904) committed her life to biology, activism, and philanthropy. The brunch is organized in appreciation of the generosity of the donors who contribute to the largest source of income for MITs endowment and provide scholarships, financial aid, and other resources for us as undergraduates. My seat at the Katharine Dexter McCormick Society  (KDMS) Appreciation Brunch, featuring Nobel Laureate  Rainer Weiss 55, PhD 62, who gave the keynote, Exploring the Universe with Gravitational Waves. Heres an excerpt of the talk from KDMS: Professor Weiss introduced his work with an overview of Einsteins general theory of relativity, and continued with his collaboration with Caltech’s Kip Thorne to build the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) research project. He also shared the story behind and groundbreaking findings from the first detection of a gravitational waveâ€"the famous chirpâ€"on September 14, 2015, along with further findings from gravitational waves caused by neutron star collisions, and a look at the future of gravitational wave research. I had a chance to sit at the same table as Dr. Weiss during the appreciation brunch. I was blown away by hearing all sorts of stories from him and our alumni and all the extraordinary things theyve accomplished throughout their lengthy careers. I got to compare brass rats. An alumnus even showed off a piece of history: a deck  of MIT-branded punched programming cards. Ananya N. 19, Diane Z. 19, and I soaking in the most stunning end-of-summer views of the Boston skyline from the  Samberg Conference Center, Chang Building (E52). Handing out commemorative KDMS  pins.  Photo taken from KDMS. Rainer Weiss 55, PhD 62, giving the keynote, Exploring the Universe with Gravitational Waves, and discussing his work on his Nobel Prize-winning research. Thats me in the bottom left corner, engrossed in his talk. Photo taken from KDMS. How to MIT again? Monday was Mid-Autumn Festival (???), but I barely had any time to celebrate. I had two lectures in the morning starting at 9am, stopped by the Microsoft Cambridge office for an open house, had lunch with a family friend, skated one session, rushed back to campus to meet with the  MISTI Germany  program manager, attended a blogger checkin, ran over to the Google Cambridge office for another open house, snuck into the tail end of 6.046 office hours, moved to the Stud to pset with friends, and then ubered back to my apartment with only a few minutes to spare before midnight to eat some mooncakes with my roommate and call my mom before falling asleep to start it all over again. That was just the start of the week. This week, in addition to the 6.046 pset that still makes no sense, I had a 7.012 exam and a German quiz, plus a technical proposal due for 6.810. This past month has been quite the back-to-school experience. I somehow feel like both an adult and freshmen at the same time. Im now 3 years removed from the 2022s, but Im taking 7.012 with them and 6.046 with mostly sophomores and juniors. I walk through campus passing by new sets of unfamiliar faces with the occasional familiar one. Learned how to laser cut for a 6.810 pset. Im now 21 but still havent gone out to a bar in Boston, though Ive been itching to hit up the Muddy. Im figuring out rent and utilities and living in a building with working professionals and families, but I spend my evenings in office hours, picking up free food along the way, and late nights in the Athena Clusters at the Stud. Im sleeping earlier and waking earlier, thanks to my first 9am of my undergrad career, 4 times a week, too. Ive been approaching this strange inflection point in my life, trying to become an Adult but still struggling as an Undergrad (who still needs to Graduate). Its been three years of trial and error figuring out How to MIT, and Im still trying to figure it all out. But theres beauty in the process, too, as Im giving it one final go.05 Or MEng?! 25 days down, 250 more to come. With that, here is Part 1, Senior Year Edition. Post Tagged #6.046 #6.810 #7.012 #An Evening with Champions #Career Fair #Expat #Finding your Home under the Dome #German II #Katharine Dexter McCormick Society #LIGO #MEng??? #Nobel Laureate #Reverse Culture Shock #Senior Fall Refer to last section: Returning Home. back to text ? Does that even count as a midterm? back to text ? The past two years I had been a counselor for the Course 6 FPOP, and through Rush, I would meet a good number of the incoming class. This year I didn’t partake in either. back to text ? Read: 6.046, 7.012, one more PE class, finding a full-time job. back to text ? Or MEng?! back to text ?

Common Themes in Speeches by Passionate Leaders - 791 Words

An effective and enthralling speech does not only relate to the content or context, but to the appropriate utilisation of rhetorical techniques and structure that contest universal requisite ideas, past, present and future that captivate and engage audiences. Since the beginning of time, society has been presented with inspirational and passionate leaders who deliver speeches that remain invaluable due to their themes regarding peace, security, prejudice, equality and basic human rights. These themes are explored in Anwar Sadats, Aung San Suu Kyi and Faith Bandlers unique speeches â€Å"Statement to the Knesset† (1977), â€Å"Keynote Address at the Beijing World Conference on Women† (1995) and â€Å"Hope, Faith and Reconciliation† (1999) which allow the memory of the past and a reminder of who we are today. Continuous battles and terrorism between Israel and Egypt had been occurring four years preceding to Anwar Sadat’s â€Å"Statement to the Knesset† (1977). Anwar Sadat, the Prime Minister of Egypt, address to the Israeli Knesset was presented to an audience which involved both parties and persons who supported and resented him. Sadat draws upon religious, political and personal values to motivate and propose to the Israeli Knesset a solution for peace to the extremity of an age long conflict between the Egypt and Israel. Beginning his speech, Sadat employs the use of religious allusions and pathos in order to set the foundations of his argument to bring unity to both countries through theShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Martin Luther King And Obamas Speech1405 Words   |  6 Pages The Progressive Theme of Martin Luther King’s and Obama’s Speeches President Obama’s victory speech and Martine Luther King’s speech are two of the most famous discourses that everybody is discussing today, which they delivered 50 years apart. 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Critical Thinking And Ethical Dilemmas Essay - 983 Words

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Imagine having to be a child playing sexually with one...

Imagine having to be a child playing sexually with one another instead of being normal and playing with your toys or running outside in the playground. Aldous Huxley was a British writer considered by many as a visionary thinker who published a novel on Brave New World in 1952 right after World War I which impacted the world economy financially and emotionally. Brave new world takes place in London A.F. 632 nearly 600 years into the future. A.F. which is an abbreviated for After Ford, the name of the great industrialist who invented the assembly line and the mass production. Huxley’s purpose of his novel focused on defending a kind on how humanism scientific progression would hurt man kind. The novel brakes into the delineate of what a†¦show more content†¦The director then explains to the students the process of which humans are grown and conditioned; it’s all a little disturbing from how it is seen. 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Financial Performance of British Airway - Liquidity and Profitability

Question: Describe about the Financial Performance of British Airway for Liquidity and Profitability. Answer: Introduction This report focuses on the subject area of accounting. The primary component of the report is ratio analysis. The report discusses the financial ratios that are derived from the financial statements provided in the annual reports of the two companies, British Airways and Easy Jet. In the report mainly three types of financial ratios are derived profitability ratios, liquidity ratios and efficiency ratios. At the same time, the report also explains the use of ratios at the time of financial planning and during the allocation of resources. At the end of the report, a conclusion is derived by considering the overall findings. Presentation of financial rations of two companies British Airways and Easy Jet are two most popular companies in the airline industry of UK. British Airways was founded in the year 1974 and Easy Jet was founded in the year 1995. Currently, British Airways is having access over total 183 destinations (Britishairways.com 2016). On the other side, Easy Jet is providing airline services for around 134 destinations (Easyjet.com 2016). As per the annual report of these two companies, the financial ratios that are the profitability ratios, liquidity ratios and the efficiency ratios are shown in the below table: Financial ratios of British Airways Financial ratio 2013 2014 2015 Current ratio 0.63 0.65122 0.59649 Quick ratio 0.60622 0.62704 0.57211 Receivable collection period 3.51545 4.14242 4.47675 Inventory turnover period 29.1364 32.4933 47.2833 Table 1: Financial ratios of British Airways for 2013 to 2015 (Source: Britishairways.com 2016) Profitability ratio trend: Figure 1: Profitability ratio trend (Source: Britishairways.com 2016) The above table showing the financial ratios of British Airways shows that the financial performance of the company has improved in terms of profitability of the company. In last three years that are from 2013 to 2015, the operating profit ratios of British Airways have increased gradually. In 2013, the operating profit ratio of the company was 5.70003, which increased to 8.31982 in 2014 and 11.1533 in 2015. On the other side, if the net profit ratio of the company is seen, then it can be observed that the increment in the net profit ratio of the company in 2015 was too much higher than 2013. The difference between the net profit ratio of British Airways in 2014 and 2015 was 16.14 (approx) (Britishairways.com 2016). Liquidity ratio trend: Figure 2: Liquidity ratio trend (Source: Britishairways.com 2016) Efficiency ratio trend: Figure 3: Efficiency ratio trend (Source: Britishairways.com 2016) However, the liquidity position of the company has declined. The receivable collection period of the company is disclosing the fact that the company needs to improve its financial performance because the receivable collection period of British Airways has increased from 2013 to 2015. The same is also applicable if the analysis is done based on the inventory turnover period of the company. Financial ratios of Easy Jet Financial Ratios 2013 2014 2015 Operating profit ratio 11.6721 12.8341 14.682 Net profit ratio 9.34711 9.94036 11.6944 Current ratio 1.05004 0.88803 0.72342 Quick ratio 0.90935 0.74718 0.6069 Receivable collection period 16.6299 16.1255 16.0457 Inventory turnover period 168.195 162.584 140.28 Table 2: Financial ratios of Easy Jet from 2013 to 2015 (Source: Easyjet.com 2016) Profitability ratio trend: Figure 4: Profitability ratio trend (Source: Easyjet.com 2016) As per the financial ratios of Easy Jet shown in the above table, it can be clearly said that the overall performance of the company has been improved from 2013 to 2015. The operating profit ratio of the company has been increased by approx 3% from 2013 to 2015 and in case of the net profit ratio, the percentage increased was approx 2.5%. This is indicating that the financial performance has been improved in the last year (Easyjet.com 2016). Liquidity ratio trend: Figure 5: Liquidity ratio trend (Source: Easyjet.com 2016) Efficiency ratio trend: Figure 6: Efficiency ratio trend (Source: Easyjet.com 2016) However, if the liquidity position of the company is analyzed, then it can be said that the company needs to improve its liquidity positions. The major reason being that, the liquidity rate of the company has decreased gradually from 2013 to 2015. However, the declining percentage of liquidity ratios was nominal. Easy Jet also needs improvements in its inventory management system as it was much high from 2013 to 2015. At the same time, the receivable collection period is also high in this company. However, a static nature in the receivable collection period shows the static performance of the company, which is good. Comparison between the financial performances of the two companies As per the above-mentioned information, it is very clear that the financial performance of Easy Jet was better than the British Airways as per the profitability of the two companies. However, on the other side if the comparison is made between the other financial figures of two companies like, receivable collection period and inventory turnover, it can be mentioned that the position of British Airways was much higher than Easy Jet. In 2015, the profitability or the net profit ratio of British Airways enhanced at a high speed, which indicates the company has performed well in that years. However, in this context, Uechi et al. (2015) commented that the excessive increment in the net profit ratio of the company indicates that either the company has cut down its cost level aggressively. This is because the annual report of the company has mentioned that the revenue has decreased in 2015 than 2014 but the profit has increased in 2015 than 2014. On the other side, if the performance of Easy Jet is considered, then it can be realized that the performance of Easy Jet has been improved in a small percentage. Henry and Robinson (2015) stated that small but continuous growth is better than the fluctuation in the financial performance of the company. Comparison between the financial figures that are stated in the annual reports of the two companies, it can be said that the expenditure level of Easy Jet was more or less static but in British Airways, the expenditure has been highly controlled in 2015 (Kassicieh, Ahluwalia and Majadillas 2015). Apart from the profitability, if the comparison is done as per the liquidity positions of the companies, then it can be clearly observed that the liquidity position of Easy Jet was better than British Airways. In 2015, the current ratio of Easy Jet was 0.72 (approx) whereas, British Airways had the current ratio of 0.59 (approx). However, in this context, it is also noticeable that the liquidity position of Easy Jet has declined gradually, which denotes weak performance of the company. The same thing happened with the quick ratios of the companies. In the last year, the quick ratio of British Airways was 0.57211, whereas, the quick ratio of Easy Jet was 0.6069. As per the efficiency ratios of the two companies in last three years, it can be said that the British Airways is much efficient than Easy Jet. This is because the receivable collection period and the inventory turnover ratios of Easy Jet were much higher than British Airways in last three years. In 2013, British Airways had the receivable collection period of 3.51545, whereas, Easy Jet had the receivable collection period of 16.6299. This indicates that British Airways can convert its receivables in to cash more quickly than Easy Jet. It denotes the efficiency level of British Airways was higher than Easy Jet (Robinson et al. 2015). The same thing is also applicable in case of the inventory turnover period of the two companies. Therefore, it is very important for Easy Jet to improve its efficiency ratios especially the inventory turnover period as soon as possible because the inventory turnover period is too high at Easy Jet. Explaining the use of ratios in financial planning and resource allocation Identifying and analyzing the financial ratios are the most important tasks that the management of the company must do while preparing the financial plan for a particular financial year. Financial ratios are very helpful for preparing proper financial plan and taking the appropriate financial decisions. The use of financial ratios in financial planning can be stated as under: Financial ratios help to understand the efficiency level of the company (Pappa 2015). The management of the company can clearly understand the current level of financial performance of the organization and prepare the financial plan to improve the current situation or to maintain the same. In this context, Wang and Zhou (2016) argued that the ratio analysis of a company is done after the completion of a financial year. Therefore, the companies cannot take any effective measures for handling the uncertain situation because the planning is already done. However, Yadav (2015) commented that as the ratios are stated in the numerical form, management can understand the result clearly. The chances of taking wrong decision or wrong planning is very less if the financial ratios are considered. Financial ratios help to predict the future easily. If the management looks at the profitability ratios of the previous few years, then they can easily understand the trend of financial performance of the company. Therefore, it becomes easier for them to predict the future accurately. However, Healy and Palepu (2012) commented that as the financial ratios are dependent of the past data, it cannot predict the future accurately. However, in most of the companies, the financial planning is done based on the financial ratios, which denotes the importance of ratios in financial planning. The financial ratios of the company help to understand the financial performance trend and liquidity position of the company (Wang and Zhou 2016). Therefore, by using the financial ratios, the company can identify the areas of deficiencies. Therefore, it becomes easier to take the effective measures to reduce or remove the deficiencies in the present and future financial years. Ratio analysis helps the management of the organization or the financial planners to understand the financial statements in a simple way. However, Uechi et al. (2015) believed that the financial statements of the companies are already prepared in numerical terms and so the management of the companies can easily understand the performance level just by checking the financial statements (Wang and Zhou 2016). Therefore, the planning can be done in a better way. The ratio analysis also helps to compare the financial performance of a particular company with the other companies in the same industry (Kassicieh, Ahluwalia and Majadillas 2015). Therefore using the ratios, the management can prepare the competitive financial plan for the future days Other than the financial plan, the financial ratio analysis also helps to allocate the resources in a proper way. Ratio analysis helps to identify the resource allocation and resource use in the past financial years. This helps to identify how effectively the company has used the resources in the previous financial years. If the company identifies that the use of resources in the past years was not so effective, then the management can easily take the effective measures to enhance the resource utility (Robinson et al. 2015). At the same time, the management of the companies can also identify whether there is any inappropriate allocation was done in the previous financial years or not. If any inappropriate resource allocation is made in the previous years, then the management can take effective measures to improve the situation (Henry and Robinson 2015). On the other side, the liquidity ratios of the company show the proportion of the liquid assets in a particular financial year in comparison to the liquid liabilities (Wang and nanceZhou 2016). The management can take effective strategies if the liquid asset is less than the liquid liabilities. Therefore, proper allocation of the assets can be done with the help of financial ratio analysis. Conclusion In this report, it has been identified that the financial performance of British Airways was weak in respected to the liquidity and profitability. However, in the year 2015, the profitability of the company has been improved at the high level. On the other side, in case of the other company that is Easy Jet, the profitability increased at more or less static rate. The liquidity position of Easy Jet was better than British Airways in last three years but the performance of the easy Jet has declined. The inventory management system at Easy Jet also needs improvement because it was much high in last three years. Reference list: Britishairways.com. 2016. Book Flights, Holidays Check In Online | British Airways. [online] Available at: https://www.britishairways.com/ [Accessed 1 Aug. 2016]. Easyjet.com. 2016. Check out these great easyJet flights.. [online] Available at: https://www.easyjet.com/en/ [Accessed 1 Aug. 2016]. Healy, P.M. and Palepu, K.G., 2012.Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Henry, E. and Robinson, T.R., 2015. Chapter 1. Financial Statement Analysis: An Introduction.CFA Institute Investment Books,2015(2), pp.1-35. Kassicieh, S., Ahluwalia, S. and Majadillas, M.A., 2015. Financial analysis in management of technology programs: links in a clinical approach.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,100, pp.66-77. Pappa, A., 2015. Financial statement analysis of a multinational company and equity valuation of computer-based technology group. Robinson, T.R., Henry, E., Pirie, W.L. and Broihahn, M.A., 2015.International financial statement analysis. John Wiley Sons. Uechi, L., Akutsu, T., Stanley, H.E., Marcus, A.J. and Kenett, D.Y., 2015. Sector dominance ratio analysis of financial markets.Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,421, pp.488-509. Wang, D. and Zhou, F., 2016. The Application of Financial Analysis in Business Management.Open Journal of Business and Management,4(03), p.471. Yadav, R.J., 2015. Innovative Approach of Financial Statement Analysis from Bankers' Perspectives-a Case Study.The MA Journal,50(8), pp.76-83.

The woman in white plot and characters Essay Example For Students

The woman in white plot and characters Essay All the things we know about him reveal much of his inner personality. Though he is close on sixty years of age he is nervous and sensitive but shows unmistakable mental firmness and power. He is of great culture and, one of the firsts of the experimental chemists living and he is tactful and clever. His intelligence enables him to judge and understand people, and assess the value of those he comes across; He has evidently discovered that Laura secretly dislikes him but he has also found out she is extravagantly fond of flowers. We will write a custom essay on The woman in white plot and characters specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now (244) To his intelligence we can add shrewdness in the sense that he instinctively does or says the right thing. His behaviour at the lake shows how much of an unscrupulous diplomat he is. When Marian objects to his illustration of crime and virtue, he simply replies, Miss Halcombe is unanswerable, ( ) that is to say so far as she goes. Yes! I agree with her. (257) Finally, and it is not the least of his peculiarities, he is able to dominate human beings in the same way as he can cope with the most savage beast. All these details would be enough to arouse the readers interest, but because no hint concerning his past is given except that he is an Italian who had run away from his country, the man is surrounded by mystery; The interest which I really cannot help feeling in this strangely original man has led me to question Sir Percival about his past-life. Sir Percival either knows little, or will tell me little about it. (245) Moreover, his personality combined with the ascendancy he gains over people make them afraid of him. The forthcoming events will only confirm that fear. We are going to deal with an unusual kind of criminal, and, strangely enough, Sir Percival seems to be among those who fear him the most. -2- Sir Percival Glyde : a conventional Victorian evil villain In the treatment of the two villains, if Fosco is the stronger one, Sir Percival is the traditional bad Baronet. Once married, his behaviour rapidly takes a new turn and he becomes rash and ill-tempered, is much more abrupt than it used to be. He greeted me, ( ) with little or nothing of the ceremony and civility of former times. (237) He has impredictable moods and several times is on the edge of violence. However, it is important to know about Sir Percivals past as it determines his evil acts. It turned out that his parents were not married so that in order to enter into possession of his title and property he falsified the marriage register. He therefore must spend the rest of his life covering that living lie in order to marry a wealthy lady. This strong need for wealth gives him a formidable incentive to achieve what he wants, even if it necessitates the doing of evil things. He finally meets the end he deserves death like the evil villain of Victorian melodrama that he is. A death brought about by the stubborn determination of his pursuers. c) Two unflinching investigators -1- Marian Halcombe: the great female character of the novel Of the female figures, the one who illustrates Collins skill in building characters without the contemporary conventions of fiction is Marian. Walter gives a full physical description of her graceful bantering way (58) and he is struck by the rare beauty of her form (58). However, this description has an expected twist to it, for, much to the readers surprise, The lady is dark ( ) The lady is young ( ) The lady is ugly ( ) (58) One very common convention of the Nineteenth Century novels was the use of two heroines, one dark and one fair, the dark one being as a rule passionate, haughty and plain. However Collins dark heroine is a forthright woman of integrity and power. She is warm, sensitive and intelligent and the author manages to make her even more credible when she happens to break down in accepted womanly fashion, They are gone! .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 , .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .postImageUrl , .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 , .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7:hover , .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7:visited , .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7:active { border:0!important; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7:active , .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7 .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udab2f0bae4ebd56836e96e2056c4fbe7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Specific reference a film EssayI am blind with crying (217). Marian plays a leading role from the beginning of the novel. It is largely she who initiates the local investigation and is, like Walter, fascinated by the mystery of the woman in white, I am all aflame with curiosity, and I devote my whole energies to the business of discovery from this moment. (63) -2- Walter Hartright: a conventional hero Walter is the main character and the hero of the story. His meeting with the woman in white starts off the whole mystery: Let Walter Hartright, teacher of drawing, aged twenty eight years, be heard first. (33) Thus is the way in which he is introduced in the preamble. We are not given a detailed description of him. What we know is that he is sensitive, upright and courageous. He is fascinated by the mystery woman, and active in the hunt to find out more about her, but is even more determined to unravel the plot and to pursue and trap the culprits. He shows perseverance and stamina as well as the good-sense and ingenuity of a modern detective, although he was not designed to imply a real policeman, which he is not, He is respected for his bravery and noble qualities and thus certainly is a conventional Victorian hero, a trustworthy character I will trust you says Marian (418) who helps to bring about a resolution and who carries out the will of the author to reach a happy ending. -3- On the minor characters The minor characters are also created with consummate skill as they all contribute basically to the atmosphere of the novel and have a function in the unravelling of the plot and in the overall narrative structure of the novel. They range from evil personified with Mrs Catherick and Mme Fosco, to eccentricity with Pesca and Mr Fairlie, to unscrupulousness or devotion with the solicitors, and to the Gothic-type character with Mrs Rubelle. They all play their parts in reinforcing the credibility of the main characters and creating the atmosphere of mystery and fear that pervades the novel. 1Its impossible to change this formula without losing the impact of (detective) novel. Boileau Narcejac, Le roman policier (Paris : Quadrige, Presses universitaires de France, 1994) p. 5.

Drought Causes, Types, and Resources

Drought Causes, Types, and Resources Its been a while since youve seen  a chance of rain in your forecast... could your city be in danger of a drought?   Youll be glad to know that although a lack of rain or snow over a period of several days, or even a week, is unusual, it doesnt necessarily mean youre headed for a drought. Droughts are periods (typically several weeks or longer) of abnormally dry and  precipitation-less weather. How dry depends on the amount of precipitation thats normal for a locations climate. A common misconception of droughts is that theyre brought on by periods of no rain or snow. While this certainly can initiate drought conditions, oftentimes the onset of a drought is less noticeable. If youre seeing rain or snow, but are seeing it in lighter amounts a drizzle here and flurries there, rather than steady rain or snow showers this can also signal a drought in-the-making. Of course, you wont be able to determine this as a cause for weeks, months, or even years into the future. Thats because, unlike other forms of severe weather and  natural disasters,  droughts develop slowly from a build-up of small changes in precipitation patterns, rather than from one single event. Atmospheric conditions such as climate change, ocean temperatures, changes in the jet stream, and changes in the local landscape are all culprits in the long story of the causes of droughts. How Droughts Hurt Droughts are some of the most costly economic stressors.  Frequently, droughts are  billion dollar weather events  and are one of the top three threats to population in the world (along with famine and flooding). There are three main ways droughts impact lives and communities: Farmers are often the first to feel the stresses from drought, and feel them hardest. The economic impacts of drought include losses in the timber, agricultural, and fisheries communities. Many of these losses are then passed on to consumers in the form of higher food prices. In less developed countries, once crops fail, famine can become a major problem.   Social impacts include increased chance of conflict over commodities, fertile land, and water resources. Other social impacts include abandonment of cultural traditions, loss of homelands, changes in lifestyle, and increased chance of health risks due to poverty and hygiene issues.The environmental impacts of drought include loss in species biodiversity, migration changes, reduced air quality, and increased soil erosion. Types of Droughts While droughts can be defined in many ways, three main drought types are commonly discussed: Hydrological Drought.  Many watersheds experience depleted amounts of available water. Lack of water in river systems and reservoirs can impact hydroelectric power companies, farmers, wildlife, and communities. Meteorological Drought.  A lack of precipitation is the most common definition of drought and is usually the type of drought referred to in news reports and the media. Most locations around the world have their own meteorological definition of drought based on the climate normals in the area. A normally rainy area that gets less rain than usual can be considered in a drought. Agricultural Drought.  When soil moisture becomes a problem, the agricultural industry is in trouble with drought.  Shortages in precipitation, changes in evapo-transpiration, and reduced ground water levels can create stress and problems for crops.​ US Droughts While droughts dont often cause deaths in the United States, the  Dust Bowl  in the U.S. Midwest is one example of the devastation that can occur.   Other parts of the world experience long periods without rains as well. Even during  monsoon season, areas (such as Africa and India) that depend on seasonal rains will often experience drought if the monsoon rains fail.   Preventing, Predicting, and Preparing for Droughts Want to know how drought is affecting your neighborhood right now? Be sure to monitor these drought resources links: The US Drought Portal  - See how drought impacts your community.The National Drought Mitigation Center - Great details on the difficulties and successes of predicting droughts are available at the NDMC. US Seasonal Drought Outlooks - The National Weather Service provides predictions of the chances of drought across the United States. Updated by Tiffany Means

Policy changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policy changes - Essay Example The current policy of the USA pertaining to the nuclear program of Iran has failed to serve its purpose and should be looked upon from a different dimension to have any positive effect. Like an expired drug, any outdated or faulty policy, if kept implemented, can have its adverse reaction. This is an important concept to understand. The effect of the USA current policy is not limited to Iran but it shares a common interest of many countries around the world. Iran’s desire to acquire nuclear technology has raised many eyebrows on the international horizon (Davis 2011). America continues to follow a non-lenient policy on this matter and has to come up with a strong response. President Obama’s speech in Cairo also addressed the issue of Iran’s nuclear program clearly stating the country’s policy on the subject. The U.S. has its concerns over Iran’s peaceful propositions. Therefore, a conflict is inevitable. Currently, the U.S. follows a policy of imple menting sanctions and using diplomatic tools to force Iran to give up its desire of pursuing nuclear technology. But nothing much has been achieved so far. Despite this fact few amendments have been made from the U.S. government in their current policy. As mentioned earlier, this has resulted in some side effects. Iran is now more determined to bypass the international forum. Retaliation also came in the form of Oil embargo that was imposed on the members of European Nation. Due to the fact that America has a history of rivalry with Iran, it could be deduced that any American enforcement will aggravate the situation. Moreover, it is the right of any country to utilize its resources to fuel the economy. Iran believes that a nuclear energy can resolve their crisis of energy needs and can boost their economy. Any obstacle from America that prevents Iran from achieving that goal will be viewed as a conspiracy against them. Therefore, a new policy is required to address this particular i ssue. A proposed policy could be a discussion with the Iranian Government over their energy needs, and an alternative solution to that crisis can be provided. How to Implement That Policy? The first and the foremost hurdle that resulted in the failure of the early policy was that it was implemented by the U.S. The history between the countries suggests that any proposition from any side will be dealt with criticism and suspicion (Fayazmanesh 2008). Moreover, this problem is not of the USA alone and president Obama made it very clear in his speech in Cairo that all the steps taken against Iran are in the best interest of all humanity. Let’s closely look at the situation, if Iran acquires nuclear technology, it will definitely initiate a nuclear arm race in the surrounding region that can have severe consequences. We cannot afford a third world war. If initiated, these nuclear weapons can lead to annihilation of our entire planet. But Iran is not ready to give up its program an d will surely reject the future U.S. policies. The cause of such response towards the U.S. policies by Iran can be traced back to history. The only country in the history of mankind that practically used nuclear weapons to destroy two cities and killed thousands of people in a blink of an eye is none other than the U.S. Though, many justifications were

Project documentation, specifications and discussion Essay

Project documentation, specifications and discussion - Essay Example Introduction This project was started following revelations that the current website of 1K bride was lacking some important features while some features were added unnecessarily. These problems were identified mostly by the staff and interested customers. The problems included: Out-dated website: not compatible in some internet browser; ‘internet explorer’ Incomplete website: some categories are left with empty spaces Inconsistent photos: different sizes of photos Repeated information: too much words, too much explanation could cause confusion to clients rather than clarify. Inconvenient search: in need of adding ‘side bar’ function for easier, and accurate search of dresses No search engine services: very limited ways for clients in finding our website Having realized the prospects of a good website, the company endeavored to improve it for greater achievement. The website improvement started a month ago with the first step being the briefing of 1K National Online Campaigner to engage the proposed online developers. This was followed by a detailed discussion of the upcoming project. A benchmarking exercise, whereby there was a comparison between the existing 1K bride website and similar websites. The main objective of the benchmarking exercise was to determine the general users’ expectations and industry standards could be clearly defined. This paper therefore presents the final product of the project starting from identification of the website limitations to the mock-up website. The mock-up program in this report comprise of improvements that reflect the requirements of the company, the expectations of the clients and staff, standards within the industry and elements that are vital to intercultural communication. 1.1 Methodology The following method was the appropriate one in the quest for improving the 1K website. Analysis and benchmarking This is the initial stage of the project. It is all about benchmarking exercise to iden tify the requirements for website development and the ultimate results that ensured that expectations of the clients and the general users are met. Not only the expectations of the general users but even the goals and objectives of the company be met after the improvement of the website. Contemporary professional communication issues The stage focused on the identification and discussions of issues related to professional communication. In particular, the project discusses in details digital literacy and how if affects the development and improvement of the proposed 1K bride website. Implementation of the proposed changes The completion of the first and second steps resulted to the third step which is all about implementation of the necessary changes. In a more elaborate way, this step involves additional of some features to realize 1K Bride organizational goals, redesigning the structure and the content of the structure to meet the taste and preferences of the users, and the elimin ation of the words that does not promote

History of the Chinese War Strategy

History of the Chinese War Strategy INTRODUCTION The PLA has been undergoing the Strategic Transition from preparing for an early, total and nuclear war in 1985 to a local and limited war in the current context. The PLA understanding of the nature of these future local wars has been greatly influenced by the 1991 Gulf War and the experiences of 1996 Taiwan Straits Crisis. PLA planners believe that future local wars will be a medium sized local war which could involve large scale sea crossing and amphibious landing operations, counter offensive operations in the border regions and repelling local foreign invasion. These wars are likely to manifest in wars involving national unification and disputes over maritime and land boundary issues. PREVIEW The WZC concept was first recorded in 1979 when an adhoc operational area command was formed during the Sino- Vietnam war. It is a doctrine developed for future military operations to be conducted in Chinas strategic neighbourhood as a limited war fought under Joint HQ. It entails limited objectives, greater central control with political settlement as the end result and considerable preparation. In order to develop an understanding of the concept, this paper is laid out as under:- (a) Historical and Theoretical Perspectives of Chinese War Strategy. (b) Chinese Views on the Characteristics of Future Wars. (c) Levels of Conflict. (d) Evolution of Chinese Mil Doctrine. (e) War Zone Campaign. (f) Interpretation of Terms at Operational / Campaign level. HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVEÂ  OF CHINESE WAR STRATEGY Transformation of the PLA. After Maos demise in 1976, saw the re-emergence of Deng Xiaoping. Under his political leadership, the military became disengaged from civilian politics and resumed the political quiescence that characterized its pre-Cultural Revolution role. Focus of military modernization was the reform of military organization, doctrine, education and training, and personnel policies to improve combat effectiveness in combined-arms warfare and the transformation of the defense establishment into a system capable of independently maintaining a modern military force. The reforms were implemented in the PLA from 1978-85. In 1985, the Enlarged Central Military Commission (CMC) endorsed Dengs shift in strategic thinking from preparing for an all out war to preparing for a local war. It carried out a review of sit and threats and concluded that there existed NO threat of early war, however a general war which could have a nuclear backdrop (nuclear war) was very much imminent. In 1995, the Enlarged Central Military Commission (CMC) meeting chaired by Jiang Zemiin officially adopted the Two Transformations (liangge zhuanbian) as the policy for army building to guide all aspects of PLA reform. It called for the Chinese army to undergo a metamorphosis from an army preparing to fight local wars under ordinary conditions to an army preparing to fight and win Local Wars Under Modern High -Tech Conditions; and from an army based on quantity to an army based on quality. Key PLA Teachings on Military Strategy. In 1987 Science of Military Strategy was published by Academy of Military Sciences which reflected change in strategic thinking from total war to local war. It was for internal circulation (neibu) to all officers at the divisional level and above. This, however, offered limited approach to strategy and was primarily based on Peoples War Under Modern Conditions (PWUMC) using positional and mobile warfare along with combined arms operations. It relied heavily on Soviet based invasion setting. In 1999, post Gulf War I, Science of Military Strategy was re-published by PLA National Defence University (NDU) and formed the core teaching text for Strategy Course at NDU. The salient highlights were the broader approach to strategy, covering a range of contingencies under modern hi-tech conditions and covered a range of varied objectives, intensity and lethality. This was followed by publication of Study of Campaigns in 2000. In 2001, AMS published open (gong kai) version of Science of Military Strategy in Chinese and, in 2005, the English version of the book was published. Theoretical Perspective. In general terms, Chinas military doctrine can be divided into four levels as under:- (a) Junshi Sixiang (Military Thought). (b) Zhanlue (Military Strategy). (c) Zhanyi (Military Campaigns). (d) Zhanshu (Military Tactics). Military Thought. This forms the foundational principles and concepts of war fighting and military struggle. It gives out the basic views for guiding and planning the overall situation of military struggle. However, specific guidelines or rules for conducting military operations are not specified. The concept of strategic thoughts is closely linked to Maos military thought and some of the relevant concepts include Active Def and Peoples War. Military Strategy Military Strategy, as per the NDU, is defined as planning and guidance for the overall situation of military struggle, including planning, deploying and guiding the construction and use of military force, to reach the effective achievement of a stated political goal. It is described as a trinity comprising of Strategic Goals (zhanlue mudi) Ends, Strategic Guidelines (zhanlue fangzhen) Ways and Strategic Means (zhanlue shouduan) Means. Strategy links Military Thought and Campaigns by providing general guidance for planning and conduct of military operations. The scope of Strategy includes (a) Threat Assessments. (b) Overall Strategic Goals. (c) Strategic Direction. (d) Basic Principles for conducting military struggle. (e) Means, methods and coordination of military struggle. Strategic Goals. Strategic Goals determine the ultimate political objective in any struggle and thus is linked to national interest. Strategic Missions (zhanlue renwu) are the operational tasks required for achieving strategic goals. Strategic missions and strategic goals are the comprehensive reflection of Strategic Circumstances (zhanlue xingshi) including the main features of international strategic situation and National security requirements. The focus of Strategic Goals during wartime includes operational aspects such as maintenance of initiative, destruction of enemy force. In peacetime, it is to safeguard national interests such as using military means to create deterrence for a stable external environment. Strategic Guidelines. Strategic Guidelines consist of general principles and programs for guiding overall situation of a military struggle. It is a closest analogue to operational doctrine, though at strategic level only, as opposed to campaign or tactical level. Past strategic guidelines include Peoples War Under modern Conditions and the current one being Local Wars under Modern High Tech Conditions. Organizational and operational modernization requirements for a force are determined from identification of appropriate strategic guideline. Strategic guidelines stipulate the following: (a) How to complete a strategic mission. (b) How to realize the strategic goal by identifying key points of struggle. (c) Identification of main Strategic directions. (d) Identification of Strategic deployments. Strategic guidelines are generally composed of five components: (a) Identification of Strategic Opponent. It is based on the threat to national interest and the operational threat is based on the specific military nature of threat. Strategic Direction. It primarily identifies the focal point of struggle and the centre of gravity for use of force to decisively shape the struggle. Basic Points of Preparations for Military Struggle. This refers to the type of struggle e.g. nuclear vs conventional. Basic Methods of Military Struggle. This includes Types of Struggle. Combat Operations vs Deterrence. Types of Strategic Operations. Offense or Defence. Main Operational Forms. Mobile Warfare or Positional Warfare. Types of Operations. Blockade or Ambush. (e) Guiding Thoughts and Principles for use of Military Force. This includes the options of Striking first or second (xianfa zhiren, or houfa zhiren) and Fighting a Protracted Warfare or Quick Decisive War. Strategy manifests in General (zong) or Specific Strategic Guidelines (juti zhanlue fangzhen). The WZC doctrine is a strategic guideline for Local War Under Hi-Tech Conditions (LWUHTC). Strategic Means. Strategic Means spells out ways and methods of using military force to achieve an objective what and how to use including military and non-military means. This can be carried out in basically four ways which include: (a) Actual combat operations in general or local war. (b) Deterrence operations which is the primary method to be used during peace time. (c) Warning operations which include strategic early warning, border defence and internal defence. (d) Combat readiness exercises including force build up, strategic troop transfers, adjustments in deployments, military exercises, weapons tests and war preparation tests. Spheres of Military Strategy. There are three identified spheres of military strategy: (a) Wartime Strategy (zhanzheng shiqi de zhanlue). This refers to periods of time when society as a whole deals with war, such as general war e.g. countering an invasion as the only type of general war China might face. (b) Peacetime Strategy (heping shiqi de zhanlue). This refers to periods when nation is not in a general state of war. Peace should not be confused with absence of future conflict, but LOW LIKELIHOOD of general war. It includes: (i) Deterrence operations. (ii) Crisis managment. Local war. (c) Local War Strategy (jubu zhanzheng de zhanlue). This is a special type of problem that occurs during peacetime. It has been defined as war with limited objectives in a part of an area where limited armed force is used. Traditionally Chinese Strategy has laid much emphasis on the initiative. Hence, the strategy advocated is pro-active vis-Ã  -vis reactive. Successive literatures on strategy have also re-emphasized that the operational or campaign level of operations is the most productive and rewarding for achieving political aims. The strategy adopted must be futuristic and support future national aims or roles. It must factor in economy of options and weigh the cost-benefit evaluation of war i.e. whether to go to war and how best to profitably conclude it. The stated doctrine must also conform to Chinas image and position of assertiveness after century of humiliation. In order to ensure no direct threats to China there is a deliberate effort to gradually move towards capability driven from threat-driven which has been a fallout of emerging international / regional situation. CHARACTERISTICS OF FUTURE WARS Characteristics of Future Conflict. Some of the assessed characteristics of future conflicts are as under:- (a) Future conflicts will be restricted in their scale, means and timing of war. (b) Objectives would be often political / diplomatic rather than military in nature. (c) Conflict processes will be under greater centralized control and political settlement will invariably be the end result. (d) Conflict resolutions will have to be carried out amidst complicated international background. (e) Even though wars would be limited in nature, they would require detailed and prolonged preparation. (f) Pre-emptive strikes would be a major form of action. (g) Costs of wars would be high despite their short duration. (f) Globalization and integration would result in spilling of economically deleterious effects of war. (g) Brief conflicts can best be handled by following the maxim killing the chicken to scare the monkeys. (h) Demonstrative operations would be essential for politically sensitive objectives. (j) A decisive result in conflict resolution will not be essential though welcome. (k) There are going to be political, economic and prestige payoffs resulting from conflicts and hence the need to factor in ways of exercising control over each one of them. (l) Cost-benefit evaluation of wars would be a major input in deciding the end-state decisions of conflicts. (m) Internal perception management of the people will be a major factor in consolidating national efforts. LEVELS OF CONFLICT Levels of Conflict. The levels of conflict assessed to occur in near future are as under:- (a) National Level. A national level conflict would involve national mobilization of resources. It will be characterized by centralized control by the CMC. The objectives and decisions in such a case would be strategic in nature (zhan lue xing). (b) Theatre level. A conflict at theatre level would involve the Military Region (MR) / MRs. The battle area under such circumstances would be called War Zone Front and overall control will be exercised by nominated MR / HQ. (c) Campaign Level (corresponds to own operational level zhanyixing). A campaign level operation would involve Combined Arms Gp Armies (CAGA) or gps of CAGAs (corps equivalents / groups of these). The area of conflict is termed as campaign zone (qu). In peacetime, the area of battle maybe under a Military Region or part of it; in wartime, however, it would be referred to as war zone. The outcome of WZC directly affects realization of national strategic objective. Equivalent weightage is given (employed as appropriate to mission) to all four services. EVOLUTION OF PLA DOCTRINE The PLA Doctrine has evolved over the years commencing from its basic aim to defeat the Nationalist forces to ensuring territorial integrity and subsequently as a tool for diplomacy and external relations. It has transformed itself as under:- Peoples War (Pre 1949 till 1960). The Peoples War doctrine, was the result of lessons learned from the War of Resistance against Japan (1937-1945), and emphasized the preparation of masses of foot soldiers and militia to engage in prolonged guerrilla warfare in Chinas vast interior. This era also marked the looming threat of total, nuclear war and the Chinese capabilities being almost defensive against any strategic nuclear attack. The Chinese strengths basically included space and people and hence basic Strategy involved mobilization of population, trading time for space and final counter-offensive to annihilate the enemy. (b) Peoples War under Modern Conditions (PWUMC). (1960 to 1985) This change in doctrine was a result of the changed perceptions post Sino-Soviet split in 1960. The strategy aimed to develop capability to check aggression forward to gain time for national mobilization and Peoples War. The Chinese strategy during the period was aimed at defeating a Soviet type invasion before it could penetrate deeply into China. It envisaged a forward defense that is near the border, to prevent attack on Chinese cities and industrial facilities, particularly in north and northeast China. Such a defense-in-depth required positional warfare, much closer to the border, in the initial stages of a conflict. This strategy downplayed the peoples war strategy of luring in deep in a protracted war. It also took into account the adaptations in strategy and tactics necessitated by technological advances in weaponry. (c) Limited War (jubu zhanzheng) Under Hi-Tech Conditions (LWUHTC) (Post-1985). This was promulgated after Dengs call for a review of the existing strategy. This came into being due to reduction in the Soviet threat due to Sino- US entente, the demonstration of hi-tech weapon systems employed in the Gulf War I and the post-liberalized growth of Chinese Comprehensive National Power (CNP). The strategy placed reliance on small, effective, hi-tech capable, tri-service integrated troops. It also stressed the need to fight away from borders or exclusive economic zone (EEZ). (d) Limited War under Conditions of Informationization (LWUCI). This f irst found expression in 2004 White Paper. Informationisation was to be treated as a Force Multiplier and it sought to integrate all available platforms or assets. This is also in consonance with development of Chinese infrastructure and capabilities in their efforts to undergo RMA. WZC THE PLAs DOCTRINEÂ  FORÂ  CAMPAIGN IN WARZONES WZC. War Zone Campaign as a doctrine evolved for conducting a limited war under high technological conditions. Future campaigns under the doctrine will be fought by combined arms synergy applied under unified joint command and control HQs. Such a HQ is created in theatre of operations by pooling in resources from Mil Region HQs and offrs from Gen Staff Department. WZC is an intermediate between Combined Arms GA (CAGA) army dominated command and total war where more than one war zones are activated simultaneously. Salient characteristics of the WZC are as under:- (a) The doctrine has been developed by PLA for future wars which are going to be limited wars and conducted in peripheral regions under a joint HQ. (b) It is a joint services campaign and an intermediate between military region and national (CMC) level campaign. (c) WZC is designed for a local / limited campaign but however its outcome determines realization of national objectives. (d) PLA Mil Regions already have AF / Navy on their orbat or under operational control. (e) PLA traditionally has been Mil Region-centric. WZC envisages imposition of another higher HQ to: (i) Coordinate employment of troops of more than one Mil Region. (ii) Act as CMC representatives for employment / control of tactical, strategic and nuclear missiles. As it involves more than one MR, theatre-wide control, coordination and deception is ensured by imposition of this HQ. A recent example is of the Taiwan straits incident when the PLA was engaged in large scale exercises and firing rockets across the Taiwan Strait in 1996 when Gen Kui Fulin from GSD was superimposed on Nanjing MR and Guangzhou MRs and formed the Fujian Front. WZC in the Level of Conflict. WZC is an intermediate between Combined Arms GA (CAGA) army dominated command and total war where more than one war zones are activated simultaneously. In the spectrum of Level of Conflict it is short of a national mobilization but more than CAGA ops. PARTIAL MOB OR TOTAL MOB WZC COMBINED ARMS GP ARMY OPS Salient Features of the Doctrine. The doctrine envisages combined arms and joint service operations. In depth strike. Aim is not to engage enemy at forward positions but in depth through infiltration, forced penetration, air projections and flank intrusions. There is a requirement of professionally and technically qualified person to operate high tech advance equipment. It envisages mastery in outer space. Delegation of command to lower commanders as severe hindrances / loss of command during operations is envisaged. It places great emphasis on C4ISR systems. Interpretation of Terms. Certain important terms used in definition of the doctrine are as under:- (a) Local and Temp Superiority (LATS) Concentration of Force at point of decision. (b) Trans-Regional Sp Ops (TRSO) Flexibility. (c) Gaining Initiative by Striking First (GISF) Initiative, Offensive Action, Pre-emptive Action. (d) Quick Battle, Quick Resolution (QBQR) Simultaneity of ops, Non-Linearity, Tempo (Speed, Momentum). (e) Elite Forces, Sharp Arms (EFSA) Appropriateness, Economy of Effort. Implementation of WZC. The basic aim of WZC is to turn PLA inferiority into superiority by three pronged strategy namely Elite Forces Sharp Arms (EFSA), Gaining Initiative by Striking First (GISF) and Quick Battle, Quick Resolution (QBQR). These are deliberated upon in succeeding paras. Elite Forces Sharp Arms (EFSA) Elite Forces Sharp Arms (EFSA). What justifies EFSA is that limited nature of local war makes it possible to achieve local and temporary superiority through the concentrated use of the EFSA. The use of EFSA can be optimized by their deployment, coordination and command. EFSA Dply Coord Trans Regional Sp Ops (TRSO) Dply per se Comd Deployment. A relatively new concept in this aspect is the Trans Regional Sp Ops (TRSO). Its implication at campaign level and at strategic level is as explained below:- (a) At Campaign Level. Deployment of EFSA must be with the aim to achieve comprehensive strike effects, and for this forces must be carefully selected. The principle also advocates Dispersed deployment of optimal forces to deny enemy window of vulnerability and increase survivability of own forces and to achieve concentration of effects by concentrating destructive effects of these arms and forces which is the basic prerequisite for achieving local and temporary superiority. (b) At Strategic Level. It envisages deployment of the best available forces and arms from other Mil Regions to reinforce war zone where local war may occur. Such a trans regional support operation (TRSO) has many advantages:- (i) It enhances political and diplomatic initiatives. (ii) Avoids sustained force deployment but optimizes readiness in the rear. (iii) RRU/RRFs ensure indirect forward presence by utilizing mobility. (iv) It may also prevent escalation as also enable local and temporary superiority in psychological terms. Coord. Coordination of sub campaigns is a must to achieve synergy of effect w/o inter service friction. It is aimed at permitting service commanders to coordinate and control respective services sub campaigns. As EFSA is associated with technology intensive services [RRF, Special Ops Forces (SOF), Navy, AF, Sec Arty] the relationship between services / branches has to be defined by equality and partnership in a joint services campaign. Hence coordination of joint service campaigns is a crucial issue for successful conduct of WZC. Principles of Coordination of Joint Campaigns. (a) Coordination is centered on whichever service that conducts the sub campaign. It calls for a heightened sense of responsibility and initiative by service commanding officers. (b) An important aspect for coordination is the timing and manner of transition from one phase of the campaign to another for example from electronic to air sub campaign, to sea denial and crossing operations, then to amphibious landing and ground operations. The coordination between various services is also very important during transitions to reduce internal chaos and friendly fire casualty. (c) Coordination in stratagem (e.g. outflanking troop movement to divert enemy forces to secondary fronts) is important to determine whether local and temporary superiority will be achieved on the primary front. (d) A common method of coordination is mutual dispatch of service representatives to coordinate air-land, air-sea or sea land operations. (e) Modes of coordination are strike zone based, target based and timing based. (f) Most important coordination mechanism is establishment of joint force command. Principles of Command. A joint command is established with deputy commanding officers from Air force, Navy and Sec Arty. The joint command formulates joint services operational plans and conducts inter service coordination. Some issues related with command are as under (a) Extent and Timing of Centralised Command. Command must be centralised during planning. However during execution, a decentralized command and service autonomy are desirable. (b) Traditional Mil Region command organs are ground force dominated and hence could be a potential for inter service friction during implementation. (c) Under WZC, a joint command is established using the present Mil Region command as nucleus. (d) The joint command may have higher proportion of command and staff officers from services other than the army as necessitated by the requirement.. 32. Trans Regional Sp Ops (TRSO). (a) This deals with concentration of EFSA at strategic level. (b) It aims at deployment of best forces and arms from other Mil Regions to reinforce the War Zone e.g. Rapid Reaction Forces (RRF), missiles, AF etc. (c) It focuses on development of rapid reaction forces and capabilities in the rear while maintaining a moderate level of forces deployed forward. (d) It contributes to achievement of local and temporary superiority. (e) TRSO stresses on tech based mobility and effectiveness to achieve its aim. (f) Enhances political and diplomatic initiatives by maintaining reduced forces in the fwd areas and de-escalating tensions. Capabilities: RRF. (a) Adaptation and responsiveness are the two key elements of RRF. (b) It is intended for quick reaction to deal with internal security (IS) and local / ltd border conflicts. (c) These forces are maintained at full strength with all terrain and all weather capability including survival training for 48 hours. (d) They have the capability to reach anywhere in any Mil Region within 24 to 48 hours. (e) RRFs of 15 AB Corps can reach anywhere in China within seven days. Gaining Initiative By Striking First (GISF) Gaining Initiative By Striking First (GISF). Increased precision and lethality of high tech weapons causes unprecedented destruction. Under such conditions the side that strikes second may lose momentum and face the prospects of defeat. As also the demarcation between first and second strike will be less relevant and hence by carrying out first strike a local and temporary superiority may be achieved. However, first strike may not lead to temporary initiative if the enemy is well prepared and anticipates the strike. This can be ensured by element of surprise and initiation of the initial battle of the campaign. GISF is hence associated with the beginning of the campaign. Gaining Initiative by Striking First Element of Surprise Initiation and Initial Battle of the Campaign Note: China will not be averse to striking first ? Element of Surprise. There are two key issues while considering Element of Surprise. If adversary is well prepared and anticipates strike, effect is reduced hence the need for element of surprise. There is a requirement of identifying enemy intentions and capabilities and simultaneously concealment of PLA intentions and capability. This can be achieved by concealing the real and demonstrating the false by employing conventional / asymmetric, electronic and civil-military means. (a) Transparency of En Intentions and Capabilities. (i) At the Strat Level. This can be achieved through long term, systematic and institutionalized study and analysis of military target especially with regard to his war fighting doctrine, styles, command, organization and weapon systems. (ii) At the Campaign Preparation Level. This can be achieved by acquiring and affirming intelligence with regard to the enemy by continuously monitor enemy movement, weapons and targets by the use of satellites, surveillance ships, planes, radars, radios and human intelligence. (b) Successful Concealment of PLAs Intentions and Capabilities. Modern technology enables effective surveillance and difficult concealment. Non tech means employed in 1991 Gulf War resulted in successful concealment achieving local and temporary superiority. Also fighting the battle close to Chinas borders would increase success of concealment. Methods of Concealment. Some of the measures which may be employed to confuse the adversary about timing, place, scale, nature and direction of the campaign initiation are:- (a) Create a situation of internal intensity and external relaxation i.e. political and diplomatic means be employed to conceal strategic intentions. (b) Concealing the real (hiding real forces by camouflage). (c) Demonstrate the false (use of dummy planes, ships, tanks, vehicles, artillery pieces and use reserve militia to show false deployment). (d) Blending the real with the false and illusory with the substantial (mixing real and substantial forces with false and illusory ones, meshing forces with civilian facilities). (e) Electronic measures (ECM, deception, ECCM). 37. Initiation and Initial Battle of the Campaign. (a) There is a contradiction between active defence as a central principle of PLA military operations and first strike (GISF in fact becomes a central component of active defence). (b) Window of opportunity for first strike is the period between the failure of political and diplomatic initiatives at the strategic level and completion of enemy deployment between the ens strat choice and his strat probe. (c) The outcome of the first battle would be crucial to determine whether local initiative is seized or not and hence it is necessary to Throw a powerful and superior initial strike force into the initial battle. (d) In order to maintain the advantage created by the initial battle, resolute, active and continuous offensive must be carried out to deny enemy breathing space. Quick Battle Quick Resolution If GISF is the beginning of the campaign, QBQR is the conclusion. QBQR deals with prosecution and conclusion of the campaign. The importance of QBQR arises from the fact that border wars fought for disputed territories will be limited to a confined area and not for total conquest of a country. Hence, there is a need to contain the conflict and achieve final resolution at one stroke. QBQR seeks to avoid prolonging of war as (high tech weapons would also cause extensive damage to own military and civil infrastructure in the event of a prolonged war. As the PLA is deemed inferior in technology, the enemy may regain and counter strike to cause PLA a defeat if war is protracted. QBQR INFO OFFENSIVE OFFENSIVE OPS MOB FIRE POWER AMBUSH SOFT KILL HARD KILL CONTINUOUS DEEP STRIKE VERTICAL STRIKE MOB SURPRISE ATTACK Methods to Achieve QBQR. Mobility and Offensive operations are the two key concepts to achieve QBQR. Mobility. Mobility is a pre-requisite for carrying out continuous and dynamic offensives. Mobile Warfare is dependent on good infrastructure and complex logistics but these leave adequate signature for the enemy to pick up. Whether local information superiority can be achieved will determine whether QBQR can be realized in PLAs favour. Counter reconnaissance is advocated to achieve information superiority (neutralise ens C4I by use of anti svl satl measures, laser and kinetic energy, particle beam wpns and other measures) which also helps in achieving surprise. There is a need to mitigate threats to mobility from air by integrated air defense measures required to defeat over-the-horizon (OTH) beyond-visual-range (BVR) missiles and their launch platforms, smart bombs, stealth tactical aircraft and attack helicopters (AH). Modes of Mobilization. Employing various modes of mobilization may enhance deception or reduce exposure and casualty, thus improving the odds of local and temporary initiatives. These include (a) Exterior Line Mobilization. This involves establishment of one or several inter-connected mob