The Palace of Palenque Royal Home of Pakal the Great

One of the finest examples of Maya architecture is without a doubt the Royal Palace of Palenque, the Classic Maya (250–800 CE) site in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Fast Facts: Palenque Known For: The palace of the Maya king Pakal the GreatCulture/Country: Maya / UNESCO World Heritage Site in Palenque, Chiapas, MexicoOccupation Date: Classic Maya (250–800 CE)  Features: Palace buildings, courtyards, sweat baths, Pakals throne room, reliefs, and painted stucco murals. Although archaeological evidence suggests that the Palace was the royal residence of Palenques rulers beginning in the Early Classic period (250-–600 CE), the Palaces visible buildings all date to the Late Classic (600–800/900 CE), the period of its most famous king Pakal the Great and his sons. Relief carvings in stucco and Maya texts suggest that the Palace was the administrative heart of the city as well as an aristocratic residence. The Maya architects of the Palace inscribed several calendar dates  on the piers within the palace, dating the construction and dedications of the various rooms, and ranging between 654–668 CE. Pakals throne room, House E, was dedicated on November 9, 654. House A-D, built by Pakals son, contains a dedicatory date of August 10, 720. The Architecture of the Palace at Palenque The main entrance of the Royal Palace at Palenque is approached from the north and east sides, both of which are flanked with monumental staircases. The complex interior is a maze of 12 rooms or houses, two courts (east and west) and the tower, a unique four-level square structure dominating the site and providing a stunning view of the countryside from its top level. A small stream at the back was channeled into a vaulted aqueduct called the palace aqueduct, which is estimated to have held over 50,000 gallons (225,000 liters) of freshwater. This aqueduct likely furnished water to Palenque and to crops planted north of the Palace. A row of narrow rooms along the southern side of the Tower Court may have been sweat baths. One had two holes for the passage of steam from a subterranean firebox to the sweat chamber above. Sweat baths at Palenques Cross Group are symbolic only—the Maya wrote the hieroglyphic term for sweat bath on the walls of small, interior structures that did not have the mechanical ability to generate heat or steam. U.S. archaeologist Stephen Houston (1996) suggests they may have been sanctuaries linked to divine birth and purification. Court Yards All of these rooms are organized around the two central open spaces, which acted as patios or courtyards. The largest of these courts is the East Court, located on the northeast side of the palace. Here a wide-open area was the perfect space for public events and the site of important visits of other nobles and leaders. The surrounding walls are decorated with images of humiliated captives illustrating the military achievements of Pakal. Although the layout of the Palace follows a typical Maya house pattern—a collection of rooms organized around a central patio—the Palaces interior courts, subterranean rooms and passages do remind the visitor of a maze, making Pakals Palace Palenques most unusual building. House E Perhaps the most important building in the palace was House E, the throne or coronation room. This was one of the few buildings painted in white instead of red, the typical color used by the Maya in royal and ceremonial buildings. House E was built in the mid-7th century by Pakal the Great, as part of his renovation and enlargement of the palace. House E is a stone representation of a typically wooden Maya house, including the thatched roof. At the center of the main room stood the throne, a stone bench, where the king sat with his legs crossed. Here he received high dignitaries and nobles from other Maya capitals. We know that because a portrait of the king receiving visitors was painted over the throne. Behind the throne, the famous stone carving known as the Oval Palace Tablet describes the ascension of Pakal as ruler of Palenque in 615 and his coronation by his mother, Lady Sak Kuk. Painted Stucco Sculpture One of the most striking features of the complex palace structure is its painted stucco sculptures, found on piers, walls, and roofs. These were sculpted from prepared limestone plaster and painted in bright colors. As with other Maya sites, the colors are meaningful: all worldly images, including the backgrounds and bodies of humans, were painted red. Blue was reserved for royal, divine, heavenly objects and personages; and objects belonging to the underworld were painted yellow. The sculptures in House A are particularly remarkable. A close investigation of these shows that the artists began by sculpting and painting naked figures. Next, the sculptor built and painted clothing for each of the figures on top of the naked images. Complete outfits were created and painted in order, beginning with the underclothing, then the skirts and belts, and finally ornaments such as beads and buckles. Purpose of the Palace at Palenque This royal complex was not only the residence of the king, provided with all the comforts such as latrines and sweat baths, but also the political core of the Maya capital, and was used to receive foreign visitors, organize sumptuous feasts, and work as an efficient administrative center. Some evidence suggests that Pakals palace incorporates solar alignments, including a dramatic inner courtyard that is said to demonstrate perpendicular shadows when the sun reaches its highest point or zenith passage. House C was dedicated five days after a zenith passage on August 7, 659; and during nadir passages, the central doorways of houses C and A seem to be aligned with the rising sun. Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Selected Sources French, Kirk D., Christopher J. Duffy, and Gopal Bhatt. The Urban Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering at the Classic Maya Site of Palenque. Water History 5.1 (2013): 43–69.  Mendez, Alonso, and Carol Karasik. Centering the World: Zenith and Nadir Passages at Palenque. Archaeoastronomy and the Maya. Eds. Aldana y Villalobos, Gerardo, and Edwin L. Barnhart. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2014.  Ossa, Alanna, Michael E. Smith, and Josà © Lobo. The Size of Plazas in Mesoamerican Cities and Towns: A Quantitative Analysis. Latin American Antiquity 28.4 (2017): 457–75.  Redmond, Elsa M., and Charles S. Spencer. Ancient Palace Complex (300–100 BC) Discovered in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114.15 (2017): 3805–14.  Stuart, David. Reconstructing a Stucco Text from Palenque’s Palace. Maya Decipherment: Ideas on Ancient Maya Writing and Iconography.  2014. Web.

Essay Abraham Lincoln - 1426 Words

As the 16th president, Abraham Lincoln was known to be the greatest American President. He guided his country through one of the most catastrophic experiences in its history, the Civil War. He was a very unique president, being the first president to have a beard, being the tallest president standing at 6’4 and also being the first to be assassinated. Abe Lincoln accomplished many things in the 4 year term he had served before being assassinated. With his intelligence and hard work, he made a difference in the United States. For example he released the Emancipation Proclamation which was one of his greatest accomplishments. He passed the Homestead Act, Morrill Act, and National Banking Act. If Abraham Lincoln had not become†¦show more content†¦Abraham Lincoln had various jobs. He worked as a store keeper, and later was chosen to become militia captain in the Black Hawk War and postmaster. Lincoln’s political career began in 1832. Even though he did n ot win a seat in the State Legislature, two years later he won a seat as a Whig. He served four terms as a Whig and by doing so he started becoming popular statewide. Lincoln later began to study law and in 1836 he was licensed to practice. Being successful he moved to the new capital Springfield. November 2, 1842 he married Mary Todd who came from a very wealthy family later had four sons by the name of Robert, Edward, William, and Thomas. Out of the four only Robert had survived into adulthood. Forming a partnership with William H. Herndon Lincoln became Illinois’s brightest lawyers. In 1858 Lincoln ran against Stephen A. Douglas for Senator. He lost the election, but in debating with Douglas he gained a national reputation that won him the Republican nomination for President in 1860 (www.whitehouse.gov/). As president of the United States, Abraham accomplished a lot in four years. One of his major achievements that will always be remembered and still recognized today that had made a difference in the United States was the Emancipation Proclamation. It was his hard work that had kept the union together during the civil war. He did have to face many problems during the Civil War such as him not being prepared for such battle because he had to beShow MoreRelatedWheres Abraham Lincoln in Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter?542 Words   |  2 Pagesnovels Pride and Prejudge and Zombies and Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter. Grahame-Smith has collaborated on two film adaptations, Dark Shadows, and his own novel, Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter. Seth Grahame-Smith and his wife, Erin, live in California with their two children Jacob and Joshua. Currently Grahame-Smith’s novel Pride and Prejudice and Zombies is being adapted for film, and Smith is said to be writing a sequel/ spin off of Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, staring Henry Struges. 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Marketing Management Market of Singapore

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Management for the Market of Singapore. Answer: Introduction The BreadTalk Group Limited is a Singapore based bakery company that was established in 2000. This company is famous for the range of variety of cakes and breads they sell in the market of Singapore. The company has decided to expand the market and increase the range of customers. In this assignment, the marketing strategies that are required for BreadTalk in order to expand their business at the international level are discussed in details. At present, the market segment of BreadTalk is limited to Singapore and in the southern region of Asia. Hence, in order to establish as a global brand, it is necessary for the company to strengthen their market in the South East Asian region. They need to make full use of the healthy reputation they have in the Asian region that can help them to increase the brand awareness in the international market. Market segmentation and target market are the most important strategy tools for a business organization (Wedel and Kamakura 2012). These can help them to divide the market based on the consumer choice and characteristics of a particular market. The excellent quality of bakery products of BreadTalk can is best for the class of people, who like to have good experience with food. With the help of inspiring tagline like Bread can communicate with you and Breads that can inspire the customer to think differently it is possible to attract the consumers, who are passionate about food. Moreover, with the help of situation analysis, it is possible to make the best use of the opportunities that exist in the consumer market or a region. With the support of the marketing mix tools, it is possible for BreadTalk to make strategies for the critical parameters or business like product, place, price and promotion. The products for BreadTalk includes innovative bakery and the price of these products are usually kept on the higher side so that it is possible to maintain the premium quality. The company has nearly 1000 outlets in the Asian region and in order to rise at international level they need to open stores outside the Asian countries. They can use the strategy of Bread Showroom with a view to promote their products (Breadtalk.com 2016). The premium quality and the wide range of breads, pastries, cakes and other popular bakery products that are sold by BreadTalk are the biggest strength that will help the company to retain the present reputation. With the help of revolutionary and innovative marketing strategy, the company can gain significant competitive advantage over their rivals bakery companies. The company can also diversify into ne w sectors with the help of innovative bakery products. This will help the company to attract the customers from the rival companies like Cheesefactory and Starbucks and thereby expand the market segment. They can also make full use of the opportunities that exist in the countries outside the Asian region. Hence, the BreadTalk is able to establish their reputation as an international bakery brand with the help of appropriate marketing tools. Reference Breadtalk.com. (2016). BreadTalk Group - Our Strategy. [online] Available at: https://www.breadtalk.com/en/strategy [Accessed 30 Sep. 2016]. Wedel, M. and Kamakura, W.A., 2012.Market segmentation: Conceptual and methodological foundations(Vol. 8). Springer Science Business Media.

Olympics Raising the UKs Profile

Executive Summary The Summer Olympics is among the world’s favorite sporting event. The popularity of this event means that the sport has a global audience. Apart from the sporting aspect of the Games, the Olympics are also seen as an avenue by sponsors to market their products.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Olympics Raising the UK’s Profile specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the next Olympics scheduled for the summer of 2012 in London, preparations are underway. The body tasked with this responsibility is the London Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. This report examines the marketing practices that the organisation is using to raise its profile, as well as the technological challenges and opportunities at its disposal. Introduction Every four years, in recent decades, thousands of athletes all over the globe, with a similar number of coaches and officials, and accredited media repre sentatives and hundreds of thousands of spectators have gathered for more than two weeks to participate in, report on and watch a sporting event which is in turn viewed on television, listened to on the radio, read about in the print media and followed on the Internet by billion of people around the world. Each Olympic Games has cost enormous sums of money to stage, funded by the taxpayers, sponsors, and television companies and their advertisers. Sporting records have invariably been broken, and national and international heroes created. It is the world’s biggest peace-time event: the Summer Olympic Games (Girginov Parry, 2005). This report critically examines the marketing practices of the organizations tasked with staging the event, the London Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (LOCOG). The report will, in particular, evaluate the effectiveness of the marketing practices adopted by the organization, and the use of new technology for future competitive advantage. B rief history of the modern Olympic Games The history of the Olympic Games begins at least 3000 years ago in ancient Greece. In their ancient form, while they celebrated physical excellence, the Games served a primarily religious purpose. In their modern form, while still ostensibly about physical excellence, they also play a cultural and economic, and often political, role. The history and global significance of the Olympic Games, in sporting, cultural, economic and political terms, therefore, justifies their serious consideration as an object of academic enquiry (Veal, 2007). There is a widespread sense of public ownership of the Olympic Games, which does to extend to other sporting events such the World Cup.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The relationship between the media and the Olympic Games For some 25 years, newspapers enjoyed a monopoly for coverage of the Olympic Games. Interestingly, the arrival of new media forms has always been perceived as a threat and usually had to face strong opposition. In 1920, the first radio station, KDKA, went on air in Pittsburg, USA. KDKA is also accredited with broadcasting the first ever-sporting event, which was a boxing match in 1921 (Smith, 2000). Broadcasting services in Great Britain began in 1922 with the establishment of the British Broadcasting Corporation. Sports commentary, however, was not allowed until 1925. Radio commentaries were covering the Olympic Games in Paris (1924), Amsterdam (1928), and Los Angeles (1932), but due to technical limitations, this medium remained local and regional until 1936 (Findling Pelle, 2004). By the time that the radio made its genuine debut as an international communication medium at the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, television had already made its appearance. The first regular television services began in Germany in 1935, followed by Britain in 1936, France in 1937, the former USSR in 1938 and the United States in 1939. However, it was not television, but the cinema, which was responsible for making the first moving pictures of an Olympic Games: in 1900 in Paris and a special feature on the Olympics in 1912, in Stockholm. These developments in cinematography had an impact on the TV coverage of the Games, which began in 1936, in Berlin (Dorling Kindersley Publsihing Inc., 2000). Over the years, the relationship between the Olympics and the media has evolved into three intertwined symbolic associations- economic, promotional, and passion. The economic association is based on the economic interests of the two companies. TV companies pay fees for rights, but at the same time derive profit because of the advertising revenue from sponsors (Shilbury, 2003). The promotional association suggests that sport is a major source of revenue and program content. It is, therefore, in the best interest of other media to sustain and promote a positive image of th e Olympics. The passion association stems from the media dual responsibility to inform, analyze and comment, and to be a counter-authority. Despite their economic interest in sport, it is the nature of the media to keep a distance from it, to maintain their credibility, and to serve the truth and their audience. The International Olympics Committee grants TV rights to air Olympic Games based on exclusivity per country or region, and free coverage to the largest possible audience (Preuss, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Olympics Raising the UK’s Profile specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The interaction between the Olympics and the mass media resulted in a transformation of the Games from being merely a sporting competition for aristocratic elite, to a special genre appealing to millions. When the organizers of the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games demanded remuneration for the right to televise the compe titions, this unprecedented decision was met with a massive outcry from the networks (Girginov Parry, 2005). They argued that the Olympic Games were a news event, similarly to the print media; television should also have free and open access. The organizers insisted that the Olympics were an entertainment event and, therefore, subject to a rights fee, before contests could be included in television programming. This episode proved critical for the development of the Olympic Games as a media event (Mullin, 2007). The Olympics, as a genre of media experience, has a number of characteristics (Rogan Rogan, 2011). First, they are televised and rely on the impact of visual images. Second, the Games interrupt daily routines and at times virtually bring the life in a country to a halt. Third, the Olympics are monopolistic in the sense that all channels focus on the event, and it is very close to being watched at nearly all times (Girginov Parry, 2005). In addition, the Olympics competiti ons are live and unfolding. The IOC and the host city organize them in a location outside the media. The Games are also not spontaneous but pre-planned, announced and advertised in advance. In particular, the Olympics have unusual and unprecedented audiences who are drawn to watch television individually, as a family, a group of strangers in front of a street screen, as a community in the pub, or a virtual community on the Internet (Smith, 2000). The above characteristics of the Olympic Games as a media event portray them as a social construct, which is achieved through the contribution of three main actors: the IOC and the host city, TV networks, and the global TV audiences (Dorling Kindersley Publsihing Inc., 2000).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important to note that the social construction of the Games has economic consequences, one of which involves the transformation of the audience from sport followers to a commodity with an economic value expressed in terms of its size and composition. Subsequently, audience demographic reports and media usage patterns become crucial for the commercial success of the media and of the Olympic Games (Girginov Parry, 2005). Millions of dollars are paid for broadcasting rights, but broadcasters charge their advertisers tens of thousands of dollars per second of airtime. Such profits are, however, contingent upon the delivery of certain viewing figure levels and failure to achieve these could result in huge losses for the media companies. For instance, NBC had to refund some US $ 90 million to its advertisers as compensation for the low ratings achieved by their coverage of the Barcelona Games of 1992 (Findling Pelle, 2004). Marketing through the Olympics The above discussion of th e integration of the media in the Olympic Games lays a foundation for the discussion that is going to follow about the marketing practices for LOCOG. This is because the kind of marketing strategy that is adopted by the body is typical of any sport marketing approach, which is largely depended on the mass media. Sport marketing can be approached through two different perspectives: marketing of sport and marketing through sport. On the other hand, marketing through sport is typical of a scenario where large corporations use sporting as an avenue to promote and advertise their products, usually to specifically identifiable demographic markets known to follow a particular sport. The perspective of sport marketing that is going to be given prominence in this report is that of marketing through sport (Jackson Andrews, 2005). Technological challenges and opportunities facing LOCOG The victorious bid team made some big promises in Singapore and wasted little time coming out of the blocks quickly. Sebastian Coe, chairperson of the LOCOG announced a first one hundred pays plan. One of the most important initial moves was the separation of the body responsible for building the infrastructure for the games- the Olympic Deliverance Authority- from the one responsible for the commercial and operational side of making the Games happen- the London Organizing and Committee of the Olympic and Paralympics Games (Great Britain Parliament, 2009). Effectively, this separated the day-to-day public purse commitments to regenerate East London from the revenue generation and Games delivery private sector responsibilities. This has proven to be a significant and successful move. While both organizations are joined at the level of the Olympics Board, each is free to develop the culture and approach that match their very different immediate priorities (Mullin, 2007). London has hosted Olympic Games twice in the past: in 1908 and 1948. Indeed, it is the only city to do so thrice. This im plies that the LOCOG has a point of references to refer. It is able to correct its past mistakes, and improve its successes. However, the fact that London has hosted the Games in the past and, hence, can borrow a lot form the past is limited by the dynamic nature of technology, which is a key factor in organizing and staging the event. One of the central challenges for London 2012 organizers has been to build a plan for the Games against a staggering technological pace of change (Rosner Shropshire, 2010). Coe and his team had no idea in 2005 when the bid was won what technologies would be contemporary in 2012 by 2012, and which would still be a figment of fanciful imaginations. The technology for London 2012 represents both a challenge and an opportunity for the Organizing Committee and its partners. The biggest challenge that is facing the LOCOG and its technology partners, which include BT, Atos Origin and Cisco Systems, is to deliver information around the world in real time (Ro gan Rogan, 2011). Internet development is changing and evolving at such a pace that even short time frame comparisons offer little guidance. For instance, the 1998 Winter Games in Nagano generated one terabit of data, or five times as the preceding Lillehammer Games. This amount of data can now be purchased for 60 British pounds on eBay (Mullin, 2007). This implies that the LOCOG and its technology partners are faced with the technological challenge of handling vast amounts of data. In addition, the lure for sponsors to grasp the moment to display their technology on the world’s biggest stage makes it worth the risk in order to create the ultimate corporate case study (Shilbury, 2003). BT, one of the main technology partners with LOCOG has embraced the challenge of delivering for London 2012. The scale of the media scrutiny is, vast and failure is not an option for both LOCOG and its technology partners. If BT communications lines go down in the middle of yet another World R ecord for Usain Bolt in the Men’s 100 Meter Final, or in the final strokes of Greg Searle’s gold medal 20 years on from his first, BT and LOCOG will be culpable in the eyes of the global public. London clearly signaled its desire to embrace new technology in all its forms with the early launch of its contemporary logo. The early message that the London 2012 Olympic Games would be a ‘new media’ Games was initially greeted with skepticism. However, LOCOG insisted that it could not be sure how the action would be distributed come 2012, that alternative methods of distribution to the TV screen or internet would be necessary and that the logo would need to work in all new media environments. These initial aspirations have been made a reality by the new media. For instance, the BBC Trust has recently approved plans to distribute BBC New through mobile phone applications. However, this, move is regarded as surrounded with controversy because it puts the BBC in di rect competition with commercial broadcasters; the new media market (Mullin, 2007). Marketing practices used by LOCOG There is a unique breadth of skills, which are required in an organization such as LOCOG to deliver the Olympic Games. Effectively, it is parts sports body, part business, part political entity and part project management organisation. In its business approach, LOCOG has to embrace marketing practices that ensure that its books stay balanced. This has been done through a number of ways, one of them being sponsorship. As a discipline, sponsorship has traditionally been rather uncomplicated. Rights holders such as LOCOG have a long tradition of selling attachment to their sporting event based on market value of their assets. The assets include advertising hoardings, tickets, television billboards, and corporate hospitality (Preuss, 2004). Nevertheless, sponsorship in the Olympics is quite different from sponsorship in other games such as World Cup. This is because ther e is no advertising inventory to bundle into the organizers sponsorship deals since the Games would unusually be shown on non-commercial terrestrial television in the domestic UK market. In addition, part of the equity in the Olympic Games brand is that the Games remain the only global sports property to continue to avoid any commercial messaging within the venues themselves. While this is part of the appeal and difference of the Olympic Games, and arguably valuable legacy of the obsession with amateur deals, it makes life harder for Organizing Committees (Jackson Andrews, 2005). Another marketing strategy that is being used by LOCOG is merchandising. A short visit to the Adidas store in Oxford Street demonstrates that this phenomenon has gone full swing. Aisles are often full of the very tourists Britain aims to lure come Games-time. This is an area, which the Beijing Games failed to maximize, probably because the implications of a scale merchandising operation were too explicitly commercial in a communist country. Certainly, the sponsor village was hidden away in the outskirts of the Olympic Park, in Beijing. In contrast, products could already be found on the shelves in London as early as of 2010 (Rogan Rogan, 2011). Following the above marketing strategies coupled up with ticketing, LOCOG now has the vast majority of its revenue commitments filled. This puts it in an admirable position since it is able to consider supplier deals, which shave cost from the accounts, as well as drive revenue. Traditionally, Olympic Organizing Committees have been criticized for fire sales at the end of their tenure. For instance, Vancouver’s final; sponsor signed up a matter of weeks before the event. This is far less likely concerning London 2012. Instead, there are expectations of creative supplier barter deals, which minimize significant remaining cost liabilities for the organizers and maximize the impact of the Games (Great Britain Parliament, 2009). Recommenda tions for strategic responses to the above discussions There is no doubt that the LOCOG is enthroned with a big task of organizing and staging the London 2012 games. One of major challenges discussed earlier that the organisation is facing is the dynamic nature of the technology. If the organisation has to ensure that its promise of staging an Olympics that has never being witnessed, it has to be at par with the technological advancements of the day. This can be achieved by collaborating with technology companies that are able to deliver real time events to the global audience, hence, ensuring that consumer get real value for their money (Rosner Shropshire, 2010). Given the global reach of the event enhanced by the new media, there is no doubt that marketers are bound to take advantage of the event and use it to market their product even if they are not official sponsors (Great Britain Parliament, 2008). This phenomenon is known as ambush marketing. As such, LOCOG should put in pla ce the necessary measure and legislation to deal with such cases. This is because such behaviors deprive the real sponsors the exclusive rights to market the event, which beats the logic of paying the rights fee. Fortunately, the organisation did take the requisite measures as seen with the creating of the Olympic Rights Association to oversee the use of the Olympic Brand (Great Britain Parliament, 2008). Conclusion In conclusion, this report has a brief history of the modern Olympic Games and the role of the media in the Games. The report dealt in depth with the marketing practices that LOCOG, which is organizing for the Olympics in 2012, is using. The report saw that sponsoring and merchandising are some of the key strategies embraced by the organisation. The report has also examined the technological challenges and opportunities faced by the company. The rise of the new media is posing a major threat and opportunity for the organisation, but this can be remedied by choosing the r ight technology partners. Reference List Dorling Kindersley Publsihing Inc., 2000. The Olympic Games. London: Dorling Kindersley. Findling, J., Pelle, K., 2004. Encyclopedia of the modern Olympic movement. London: Greenwood Publishing Group. Girginov, V., Parry, J., 2005. The Olympic games explained: a student guide to the evolution of the modern Olympic Games. London: Routledge. Great Britain Parliament., 2009. Potential benefits of the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics. London: The Stationery Office. Great Britain Parliament., 2008. Preparing for sporting success at the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games and beyond. London: The Stationery Office. Jackson, S., Andrews, D., 2005. Sport, culture and advertsing: identities, comodities and the politics of representation. London: Routledge. Mullin, B. J., 2007. Sport marketing. London: Human Kinetics. Preuss, H., 2004. The economics of staging the Olympics. London: Edward Elgar Publishing. Rogan, M., Rogan, M., 2011. British and t he Olympic Games: past, present and legacy. London: Troubador. Rosner, S., Shropshire, K., 2010. The business of sports. New York: Jones Barlett Publishers. Shilbury, D., 2003. Strategic Sport Marketing. London: Alen Unwin. Smith, S., 2000. The Olympics at the millenium: power politics, and the games. New York: Rutgers University Press. Veal, A. J., 2007. The Olympic Games: a social science perspective. London: CABI. This report on Olympics Raising the UK’s Profile was written and submitted by user Jul1us to help you with your own studies. 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Triboluminescence of Wintergreen Lifesaver Candies

Triboluminescence of Wintergreen Lifesaver Candies For several decades people have been playing in the dark with triboluminescence using wintergreen-flavored Lifesavers candy. The idea is to break the hard, donut-shaped candy in the dark. Usually, a person looks in a mirror or peers into a partners mouth while crunching the candy to see the resulting blue sparks. How to Make Candy Spark in the Dark wintergreen hard candies (e.g., Wint-o-Green Lifesaversteeth, hammer, or pliers You can use any of a number of hard candies to see triboluminescence, but the effect works best with wintergreen-flavored candy because wintergreen oil fluorescence enhances the light. Select a hard, white candy, as most clear hard candies do not work well.   To see the effect: Dry your mouth with a paper towel and crunch the candy with your teeth. Use a mirror to see light from your own mouth or else watch someone else chew candy in the dark.Place the candy on a hard surface and smash it with a hammer. You can also crush it beneath a clear plate of plastic.Crush the candy in the jaws of a pair of pliers You can capture the light using a cell phone that works well in low light or a camera on a tripod using a high ISO number. The video is probably easier than capturing a still shot. How Triboluminescence Works Triboluminescence is light produced while striking or rubbing two pieces of a special material together. It is basically light from friction, as the term comes from the Greek tribein, meaning to rub, and the Latin prefix lumin, meaning light. In general, luminescence occurs when energy is input into atoms from heat, friction, electricity, or other sources. The electrons in the atom absorb this energy. When the electrons return to their usual state, the energy is released in the form of light. The spectrum of the light produced from the triboluminescence of sugar (sucrose) is the same as the spectrum of lightning. Lightning originates from a flow of electrons passing through the air, exciting the electrons of nitrogen molecules (the primary component of air), which emit blue light as they release their energy. Triboluminescence of sugar can be thought of as lightning on a very small scale. When a sugar crystal is stressed, the positive and negative charges in the crystal are separated, generating an electric potential. When enough charge has accumulated, the electrons jump across a fracture in the crystal, colliding with ​exciting electrons in the nitrogen molecules. Most of the light emitted by the nitrogen in the air is ultraviolet, but a small fraction is in the visible region. To most people, the emission appears bluish-white, although some people discern a blue-green color (human color vision in the dark is not very good). The emission from wintergreen candy is much brighter than that of sucrose alone because wintergreen flavor (methyl salicylate) is fluorescent. Methyl salicylate absorbs ultraviolet light in the same spectral region as the lightning emissions generated by the sugar. The methyl salicylate electrons become excited and emit blue light. Much more of the wintergreen emission than the original sugar emission is in the visible region of the spectrum, so wintergreen light seems brighter than sucrose light. Triboluminescence is related to piezoelectricity. Piezoelectric materials generate an electrical voltage from the separation of positive and negative charges when they are squeezed or stretched. Piezoelectric materials generally have an asymmetric (irregular) shape. Sucrose molecules and crystals are asymmetric. An asymmetric molecule changes its ability to hold electrons when squeezed or stretched, thus altering its electric charge distribution. Asymmetric, piezoelectric materials are more likely to be triboluminescent than symmetric substances. However, about a third of known triboluminescent materials are not piezoelectric and some piezoelectric materials are not triboluminescent. Therefore, an additional characteristic must determine triboluminescence. Impurities, disorder, and defects are also common in triboluminescent materials. These irregularities, or localized asymmetries, also allow for an electrical charge to collect. The exact reasons why particular materials show tribol uminescence can be different for different materials, but it is probable that crystal structure and impurities are primary determinants of whether or not a material is triboluminescent. Wint-O-Green Lifesavers arent the only candies that exhibit triboluminescence. Regular sugar cubes will work, as will just about any opaque candy made with sugar (sucrose). Transparent candy or candy made using  artificial sweeteners  will not work. Most adhesive tapes also emit light when they have ripped away. Amblygonite, calcite, feldspar, fluorite, lepidolite, mica, pectolite, quartz, and sphalerite are all minerals known to exhibit triboluminescence when struck, rubbed, or scratched. Triboluminescence varies widely from one mineral sample to another, such that it might be unobservable. Sphalerite and quartz specimens that are translucent rather than transparent, with small fractures throughout the rock, are the most reliable. Ways to See Triboluminescence There are several ways to observe triboluminescence at home. As I have mentioned, if you have wintergreen-flavored Lifesavers handy, get in a very dark room and crush the candy with pliers or a mortar and pestle. Chewing the candy while watching yourself in a mirror will work, but the moisture from saliva will lessen or eliminate the effect. Rubbing two sugar cubes or pieces of quartz or rose quartz in the dark will also work. Scratching quartz with a steel pin may also demonstrate the effect. Also, sticking/unsticking most adhesive tapes will display triboluminescence. Uses of Triboluminescence For the most part, triboluminescence is an interesting effect with few practical applications. However, understanding its mechanisms may help explain other types of luminescence,  including bioluminescence  in bacteria and earthquake lights. Triboluminescent coatings could be used in remote sensing applications to signal mechanical failure. One reference states that research is underway to apply  triboluminescent flashes  to sense automobile crashes and inflate airbags.

The Impact of Architects and Industrial Designers on The Building Process †Cost Planning Essay

The Impact of Architects and Industrial Designers on The Building Process – Cost Planning Essay Free Online Research Papers The Impact of Architects and Industrial Designers on The Building Process Cost Planning Essay The following objects is to identify the cost ‘strategy’ which the Architects or Industrial designers, have an opportunity and an obligation to confront these issues. Architects and industrial designers can have a huge impact, not only in the design of the building (impaction to the residents, developer and environment), but also in the design process (impaction to the cost and regulatory requirements). According to Ferry, Brandon and Ferry (1999:26), the purpose of cost planning is not only to obtain minimum standard, but to budget correctly and spent effectively. These programs of cost strategies should comprise the cost planning, the selection of materials incorporates with the innovative technologies and the planning of the design process. A careful study of these needs which will be examine later and thereby indicate the balance between constraints and opportunity of building that can be achieved within a given cost limit. (Article 1) mentioned that affordable housing is often associated with ugly, high-rise project isolated from surrounding neighborhoods. However, despite of achieving low-cost targets, as architecture of public housing, it would also need to concern about comfortable, efficient, dignified and humane. Despite of initial capital cost, buildings need to be maintained, repaired and so on which will continue to cost money and inevitably, from time to time it might even consume unexpected rise of expenditure. In this case study, ‘whole-life costing’ will be used to describe a form of modeling technique to cope with this mixture of capital and running costs. The advantages of the whole-life method, especially when dealing with low-cost in relation to affordable housing enable us to consider the long-term implication of a decision, and to provide a way of showing the cost consequences of short-sighted economies. Nevertheless, Ferry, Brandon and Ferry (1999:64) argues that it could bring disadvantages as the future cannot be forecast or just only a pure guess especially the cost of maintenance. Nevertheless, there are two fields where whole-life costing techniques could work very well in this task. That is; 1. In dealing with shorter-life assets, such as building materials and electrical equipment, where foreseeable energy consumption, maintenance and renewal programs generate much of the future costs. 2. Where both the present and future costs are equally real, that is the maintenance program for a major installation where the money is coming from the same organisations can be planned accordingly. To sum up, the forecasting of running costs of a building will often be useful when dealing on a relatively short-term basis with energy-consuming systems and building maintenance program. The initial costs and operating costs (maintenance costs) are required to determine in order to achieve cost efficiency, hence cheap and reliable materials such as green materials are needed. Spiegel and Meadows (1999:15) states that ‘Green building materials can help recapture lost profits by mitigating potential liabilities and by reducing waste’. In addition to mitigating economic losses, using green building material could responds to a growing market demand for organic, nontoxic, earth-friendly products across the board. Moreover, base on this (articles 2) Architects should pursue the use of green roofs, daylighting and recycled materials. Obviously, inefficiency of water and energy will produce waste. Waste costs money and exists at every stage of a product’s transition from a raw material through manufacturing, transportation, and use. In order to cut the waste and reclaimed lost profits, recycle materials would not only cut down the initials costs but als o earn high marks for resource management such as recycle wood that could stop deforestation. Further more, Spiegel and Meadows (1999:31) state that the recycled materials performed just as well and were cheaper than processing virgin materials, so why not using green materials? Chemicals commonly found in many building products. Those with multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS) would suffer headaches, asthmatic attacks or even lift-threatening. More or less, this would cause the organisations especially ARAFMI to pay extra medical bills which would reduce the operational efficiency. Therefore, using green building products especially fabricated from nontoxic and natural can improve indoor air quality (IAQ) contaminants. Innovative technologies today such as low watt florescent light, multistage dish washers, and low flow fixtures could also help mitigate economic losses due to waste. Indeed, Energy efficiency and water conservation will be improved. To conclude, operational savings can accrue not only from energy efficiency and maintenance procedures, but also from substantial increases in worker productivity. Despite of using green materials, this project could integrate shelters with social services and high-quality design. (Article 3) mention that the best way is to create a space called â€Å"supportive housing†. That is, by creating a single-room-occupancy (SRO) which could pull all the on-site services and facilities together under one roof. This method not only could create a community-friendly environment (collocating 10 organisations together), but also providing a better operational efficiency (less building materials and easily organized). In order to create a room, (SRO) that could meet every functional requirements, some suggestion such as translucent partitions and sliding doors could maximize the space and natural light within the space. Some affordable housing architects also believe that flexibility of space is essential regardless of zoning. Organizations such as Youth Advocacy centre, Brisbane Youth Service Inc. and PRESCARE require higher social interaction and c apability to adjust and changing community needs. These organizations could provide on-site services and facilities at the community services building. Such on-site services include healthcare and job counseling that could teach life skills and link residents with job and education opportunities. Other facilities should also be provided for disabled such as ramps and ergonomic products. One of the (articles 4) state that affordable housing should incorporate new dwellings into larger mixed-used developments, that is featuring rental units and commercial space such as natural foods grocery store and child care center into one building. Developers gain benefits for their tax credits applied to the building site and thereby reducing rents and allowing more to be spent on construction. Residents not only could meet the needs of low-income issues, but also have this opportunity to interact with the whole communities and access to social and retails services. With a rise in sustainable building, green materials, many housing advocates believe that green creates better living environments that improve the long-term performance of affordable developments. To summary, the mixed-used development is not only to bring a healthier and better located housing to the disadvantage people and environment but also benefits for developers and funding organizations alike. For instance, Spiegel and Meadows (1999:13) state that by simply locating deciduous plants on the south and west faà §ade could shade the building during summer and allow sunshine in winter due to natural leaves fall. Spiegel and Meadows (1999:13) also state that with the selection of indigenous plant material rather than decorative hothouse species could reduce municipal water requirements because native plants are appropriate to the climate. It is easy to maintain and doesn’t need extra water and care. This could not only enhance the cost effectiveness (less labor required to create the service) and the process efficiency (as native plants could adapt with the native environment easily), but also create products and processes that are environmentally beneficial to the human environment. According to Ferry, Brandon and Ferry (1999:139), the building shape has its major impact on the areas and sizes such as walls, window, and so on. These impacts would also directly proportional to cost-effectiveness. According to Ferry, Brandon and Ferry (1999:143), tall buildings minimize land costs in relation to floor area, but they are invariably more expensive to build than low-rise buildings. For instance, tall buildings require a high standard of fire-resistant construction and practicable escape arrangements. Furthermore, many of the above factors will also influence the running and maintenance costs such items as window cleaning, repainting and repairs to the faà §ade will all be much more costly then similar work to a low-rise structure. Therefore, low-rise buildings would be the most cost advantage incorporate with the given constraints of the site. According to Ferry, Brandon and Ferry (1999:144), three-storey building could not only attain the low costs possible (three -storey maximum might not necessary require lift supports and minimize land costs in relation to floor area), but could also save an enormous sum of materials (one roof will be serving two or three times the floor area and the walls or frame will be capable of carrying the extra load with little or no alteration. With affordable housing design, organization such as DVCONNECT and Smith Family could provide a save emergency accommodation and better supports for children and families living in financial disadvantage. List of References Ferry, D., Brandon, P. and Ferry, J. (1999) Cost Planning of Buildings, Victoria: Blackwell Science. Spiegel, R. and Meadows, D. (1999) Green Building Materials: A Guide To Product Selection and Specification, Canada: John Wiley Sons. (para 1)Architecture, April 2004 v93 i4 p89(1) Affordable Housing: Designing an American Asset. (Exhibition)(Brief Article) Deborah K. Dietsch. http://80-infotrac.galegroup.com.ezproxy.cqu.edu.au/itw/ infomark/368/513/67014111w5/purl=rc1_ EAIM_0_A115759606dyn=14!xrn_3_0_A115759606?sw_aep=cqu (para 23) Architecture, April 2004 v93 i4 p30(2) Give them shelter: for pioneering affordable-housing advocate Rosanne Haggerty, good design is hardly an extravagance. In fact, it pays for itself. (Practice) Anna Holtzman. http://80-infotrac.galegroup.com.ezproxy.cqu.edu.au/itw /infomark/368/513/67014111w5/purl=rc1_ EAIM_0_A115759566dyn=11!xrn_4_0_A115759566?sw_aep=cqu (para 4) Architecture, April 2005 v94 i4 p29(2) Changing the formula: mixed-use developments with affordable housing components are becoming more popularto the benefit of everyone involved. Katie Gerfen. http://80-infotrac.galegroup.com.ezproxy.cqu.edu.au/itw /infomark/368/513/67014111w5/purl=rc1 _EAIM_0_A131434964dyn=5!xrn_1_0_A131434964?sw_aep=cqu Research Papers on The Impact of Architects and Industrial Designers on The Building Process - Cost Planning EssayOpen Architechture a white paperNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfLifes What IfsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaResearch Process Part One

Ethical Performance Appraisal Issues Research Paper

Ethical Performance Appraisal Issues - Research Paper Example The compensation plan also cut down on the amount of money that was given to doctors who had tenure. This is because the amount of money they were getting was more that they were bringing in and or that reason, in order to benefit from the finances they had to work more to gain more. Various strengths have been associated with the pay for performance plan. They include positive performance because the surgeons pay correlate directly with the number of patients or surgeries they perform in a given quarter. Secondly, the compensation plan provides equality on the surgeons in the sense that regardless of the tenure on has served they all have to get paid according to their performance; hence, reducing the protection given to low performers in the organization (Beaulieu & Zimmerman, 2005a). Thirdly, there is employee motivation because the surgeons will not be relying on the base pay that they have been accustomed to in that, knowing that they will get more when they work makes it increase their motivation and productivity for the organization. Even though the compensation plan has various strengths, it has shown some weaknesses. They include lack of backing from surgeons who have had tenure of service. Because they are accustomed to a little work, yet more pay and for that reason, adjusting would be AA problem. Secondly, the surgeons working on the research will abandon their work because the money meaning that they might lose grants from National Institute of Health motivates them. To deal with these challenges, it is important to come up with a plan that will ensure that the employees with tenure do not feel left out. Additionally, they should be provided with a work plan that allows them to bring the hospital money to stop in order to ensure that even though they are taking money from the hospital at least they are bringing some back. In relation to

Report to your line manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Report to your line manager - Essay Example To begin with, training can involve the case-study methods whereby employees solve hypothetical scenarios. In addition, trainees can participate in role-playing. Besides, training can involve self-instruction methods. These training methodologies are beneficial in terms of customization, feedback, and self-discipline. Introduction Training and development entails the continuing efforts of entities to improve the delivery of employees. In the modern organization environment, these activities entail a broad range of elements such as regular instruction giving and continuing professional development. As a formal business function, it is vital for an organization to develop highly effective training programs. There are notable objectives in this research. To begin with, it is essential to determine whether all training programs are beneficial to the trainee. In addition, it is vital to establish whether training can be directed towards individual needs. Lastly, it is crucial to determine the effectiveness of training programs that occur according to individual needs of employees. Main body Responsibility for choosing the training method In assessing the authority that is responsible for choosing the training method, it is crucial to examine this issue in terms of on-job training and off-job training. On-job training occurs while the employee is carrying out one’s duties. On-job training mostly relates to the job. In this sense, an employee gains the skills while carrying out one’s regular assignments (Nicholson, P. 2005, 133). The employees, therefore, receive training in the real-work environment. In the end, employees gain experience by dealing with specific tasks and facing challenges that come with such duties. This means that supervisors are the key players in choosing the right kinds of training methods. The supervisor, in this perspective, is the immediate senior employee to the trainee. The supervisor is an employee in the same department who possesses a higher experience and skills that are necessary for passing down onto the junior employee. This suggests that the supervisor is highly likely to have passed through the same experience and faced similar challenges (Kerzner, H. 2013, 90). These supervisors are responsible for the choice of training method because of notable reasons. To begin with, these individuals possess knowledge of the organization’s policy on training. This is because they had the same experience. A supervisor will tend to hand down the skills and anecdotes that one received from an earlier training. In this view, the supervisor becomes a tool of bequeathing the company’s policy onto the new employees. In addition, the supervisor understands the clients’ requirement. In this sense, the supervisor chooses a training method that suits the needs of the clients. In addition, the supervisor chooses a training method that suits one’s experience in terms of challenges. This means that the supervisor offers training that addresses the daily demands of the job. The daily demands are the duties that an employee should perform on regular basis. In turn, the supervisor offers the real-time skills in carrying out given duties. The supervisors are aware of the special skills that are effective in efficiently handling duties. In addition, the organization is responsible for choosing the training method. The organization, in this

Applying Problem Solving Essay Example for Free

Applying Problem Solving Essay There are so many problems in the world today, personal as much as in society as a whole. The question is, how can we solve them? The answer is, soft skills such as critical thinking and problem solving. These are arguably the most effective weapons we have against combatting these problems. Let’s explore two examples of real-world scenarios: Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and Gun Violence. A recent study confirmed a direct link between tumors and Genetically Modified Organisms (Food Chem Toxicol, 2012). The scientific method was used to observe, hypothesize, experiment, and verify this conclusion, via a controlled experiment with rats over the course of two years. That’s not to say that all tumors are caused solely by GMOs, but rather that at least one of the causes for tumors have been identified. As a result of this study, many countries have banned the importing, development, and sales of GMOs, including (but not limited to) Italy, Switzerland, and New Zealand (for confirmation, search â€Å"GMO Ban† from the University of Phoenix Library). The scientific method has also been used to study the toxicity of chem trails in the air, fluoride in the water, and preservatives in food products. So why has President Obama signed into law the Monsanto Protection Act, which protects Monsanto (a large American GMO company) from federal courts? With so much evidence, one must wonder why the government is turning a blind eye (or even worse, â€Å"protecting†) these companies, at the expense of our health. Many speculate that the motive for this corruption is money, such as corporate bribery (otherwise known as â€Å"lobbying†) from big Food and Medical industries. Consider how all three organizations benefit: Food companies from the sale of their poisonous products, Medical companies from the sale of treating the poisonous effects of the food, and Government from both the corporate â€Å"lobbying† and taxation. The love of money is indeed the â€Å"root of all evil†. But knowledge is power. The scientific method can be used to further expose this corruption, and as citizens demand that our Representative take action to remediate these problems. Another current and  very controversial issue is gun control. There are many strong and valid arguments from both sides of this debate. Gun owners would argue that more â€Å"good† people should be armed to outnumber the â€Å"bad† people, and that it is our constitutional right to bare arms. However, opposing viewpoints advocate that guns are too easily obtainable, and that certain precautionary measures should be taken to avoid the issuance of a gun to anyone not qualified, such as due to mental illness or history of violent behavior. Persuasive thinking is at play during these debates. The gun owner may portray a story where gun ownership was beneficial, saving an entire family from an armed robber. Opposing viewpoints may portray a story where a tragic massacre could have been prevented had gun control laws been in place. Notice how these arguments tug at the strings of our heart, playing into people’s emotions. In my opinion, both of these problems are not a matter of insufficient laws, but rather spiritual matters of the heart. In the early years of this nation, companies were never ordered by law to give back to their communities. Instead, company owners gave back to their communities out of the generosity of their hearts, good morals, and gratitude towards the capitalism system which has benefitted them so much. The Middle Class concept can also be attributed to company owners of good morals. This concept was not originally formulated by government, but rather by Henry Ford, founder of Ford Motor Company, who wished to pay his employees not only for manufacturing his vehicles, but also for purchasing one of their very own. Sadly, greed and competition has poisoned the hearts of many present-day company owners to such a degree that they’re willing to do anything (including jeopardizing people’s health and cheating people out of their life savings and pensions) just to obtain a greater profit. The same concept applies to gun violence. In the founding years of this nation, life preservation and â€Å"loving thy neighbor† was held in highest esteem. But over time, the â€Å"fun† of violent video games, movies and TV Shows, as well as the â€Å"glory† of war has slowly eroded and desensitized the moral fabric of society. Good news can still emerge from the midst of these situations. As long as mankind continues to learn (about each other, as well as critical thinking and problem solving skills), love, compromise, and unite as one, there is no problem too big that cannot be solved! Major and minor problems arise in life, which called to be solved by using different methods. It is important that we able to utilize these methods, such as persuasive thinking and scientific thinking, in order to eliminate certain problems that may hinder us from achieving our personal goals. In the past, I have used both of these methods to solve problems that have been as simple as deciding which lotion was the healthiest choice for me and reminding my mother that I was an adult that wanted to travel. Using scientific thinking, I was able to eradicate a problem that involved using a certain type of body lotion. I went to a beauty store to purchase a new body lotion as my old body lotion was finished, and I wanted a change. I tested the scents of many lotions on the shelves and found a particular lotion that was in my budget and had a pleasant scent. The first day I used the lotion, I noticed that my skin was irritated and a few tiny bumps appeared on my arms and legs. Over the next few days, I still used the lotion, and the irritation grew worse; there were more bumps, and they were beginning to itch. The irritation never occurred when I used my old lotion, so I began to believe that was the problem. Kirby and Goodpaster (2007) state that the basic steps to solving a problem using the scientific method are observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and verification (p. 221). I observed my skin breaking out after I bought the new lotion; I did not break out before I purchased the lotion, nor did I break out with my old lotion. I formed my hypothesis after that: â€Å"If I use this new lotion, then I will break out,† or â€Å"My new lotion is causing me to break out†. Next, I conducted a small experiment. I stopped using the lotion for a week, and I noticed that my skin began to clear up, and it felt less irritated with each day that passed. I concluded that my hypothesis was correct shortly thereafter, but to verify that conclusion, I bought an unscented, medicated lotion, (similar to my old lotion) and began using that. With this medicated lotion, I noticed that there were no negative changes with my skin. One part of the verification process was unintentional, though. One day, my arms were a bit dry after swimming with friends, and the only lotion I had in my purse was the scented lotion that I once hypothesized was causing my skin irritation. I did not believe I would break out again, but shortly after, my skin was irritated, red, and there were bumps on my arms. To this day, I stay away from lotion that is scented because my skin is very sensitive. This problem was much easier to solve than my problem that needed to be solved with persuasion. Persuasion is not one of my strengths, but I needed to use it in order to solve a problem I was facing. Ever since I received my first computer at the age of 10, I have spent a lot of time on the internet, chatting with peers and making new friends. I am an introvert, which is defined as â€Å"a person characterized by concern primarily with his or her own thoughts and feelings,† (Dictionary.com, 2012). I do not like being big crowds, and I feel more comfortable talking online with friends, than I do with talking to peopl e in public. In 2009, I met someone from Tennessee, and for three years I have chatted with her via instant messenger, spoken to her family, video chatted via video messenger, spoken on the phone, etc. We became very good friends, and I brought it to my mother’s attention that I wanted to travel to Tennessee to visit my friend. My mother’s immediate response was to deny me. Her argument was understandable, but I quickly realized that I had to do attempt to persuade her. As most children, my first reaction was to declare that she was being unreasonable, whine, and grovel. Of course, that did not work, so I decided to go another route. The first step that I took was asking my mother exactly why she did not want me to travel to see my friend. As she began to list the reasons, I made sure I listened. Next I made to make sure that my mother knew I saw her side of things. I understood why she was so adamant about not letting me go. I had spoken to my friend for years, and I felt as though I gotten to know her very well, but meeting someone in person will always be different- despite how well you know them online. There was also a chance that my friend and I would not get along in person, and I would be stuck in a state for a period of time where I did not know anyone else. After explaining many of the negatives, I began to give her positives. I wanted to let her know that I had a plan. I had my own money saved to travel. I told her that she could speak with my friend’s mother so the two could get to know each other a little better. I researched the town in Tennessee, so that my mother could  see that my friend lived in a quiet neighborhood where there was little crime. I had to also remind my mother that, despite her being my parent and wanting what was best for me, I was a 21-year-old young woman. When it was all over, I asked for my mother’s response. She said that I could travel to Tennessee, but there was a stipulation: my mother wanted to accompany me on the trip. I ended up compromising, so that my mother’s mind would be at ease and I could still go to see my friend. With my first problem, I learned something about my body: in order to keep my skin healthy, I had to avoid certain lotions that would lead to irritation. With the second problem, I had to remind myself to act as an adult and not to succumb to manipulative tasks when trying to persuade a parent. In the end I had to compromise, but the end result was still much better than not being able to see a friend that I cared for dearly. The two problems were handled differently, using two different methods of thinking, but both of my problems were solved in the end. References Dictionary.com. (2012). Introvert. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/introvert Kirby, G. R., Goodpaster, J. R. (2007). Thinking: An interdisciplinary approach to critical thinking (4th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

The Reign of King Louis XIV Essay -- European History

The Reign of King Louis XIV Louis XIV had a passion for glory and used it to fight four wars because he was motivated by personal and dynastic considerations. King Louis XIV was born in 1638. He became king at age four, and received only a mediocre education. He was taught nothing beyond pious works and decorous behavior at religious observances. He came into full power of France in 1661. Louis married Maria Theresa of Spain in 1659. When Mazarin died in 1661, Louis decided he didn’t want a powerful advisor and then started to change history. Louis had the longest reign in European history of 73 years. King Louis XIV distrusted the Protestants and everything they stood for. Because of that, he revoked the Edict of Nantes and torn down the walls that surrounded Protestant towns. The walls were erected to help the Protestants feel safer. He spent a lot of tax money building Versailles. That angered most people, because Versailles was only for Louis and his rich noblemen and their wives. Louis also increased taxes to stave off financial disaster, which failed. The people rev...

1831: Year of Eclipse Essay

On February 12, 1831, a full eclipse of the sun darkened America’s skies. Newspapers nationwide heralded its arrival, and commentators congratulated themselves that the â€Å"idle fears and gloomy forebodings†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthe past superstitions attached to such events–had been replaced by â€Å"pleasing admiration† of the wonders of nature and society’s progress in scientific understanding. However, says Masur (Rites of Execution), professor of history at the City University of New York, what unfolded in 1831 belies this chauvinistic claim of America’s advancement. Rather, he builds a case that America’s future faced inevitable upheaval directly linked to the failure of the founders to resolve two fundamental conflicts: the contradiction between a country founded on the â€Å"inalienable rights of man† embracing the cruelty and inhumanity of slavery, and the tension between a federal government intent on preserving the Union and the states’ claims of uncontestable sovereignty. Masur draws upon an exceptionally rich array of voices, quoting generously from figures as divergent as slave rebellion leader Nat Turner, abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Andrew Jackson. Masur vividly chronicles the plight of the Cherokee, who despite their willingness to cooperate with the U.S. government, were forced from their homeland and marched west on the infamous Trail of Tears. Tocqueville traveled to the U.S. in 1831, prompting him to write Democracy in America, and as Masur notes, Tocqueville’s prescient observations illuminated not only the intractable problems of slavery and race in America but also the extraordinary uniqueness and energy of America’s citizens. Masur’s accessible and intriguing work, which appeals to a wide and diverse audience interested in American history, raises the year 1831, not necessarily one that stands out in most Americans’ minds, above insignificance. Passing in and out of Favor Although single-year studies fell out of favor amid the social-history boom of the 1970’s and 1980’s, they have a place in history circles. Among Mr. Masur’s favorite histories, and a work that influenced his own, is The Year of Decision: 1846, a study published in 1943 by the historian Bernard DeVoto, who went on to win the Pulitzer and Bancroft Prizes in his field. A huge best seller in its time, the volume is now seldom read or studied even by professional historians. Now and then, other historians have made similar forays, usually concentrating on a year marked by war, bloodshed, or political upheaval, like Kenneth Milton Stampp’s America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink. Lately, though, such experiments seem to be flourishing–and the more obscure the year, the better. Hence titles like American Nervousness, 1903: An Anecdotal History, by Tom Lutz, a study of the physical and psychological illnesses that plagued elite Americans at the turn of the century. Or 1910: The Emancipation of Dissonance, by Thomas Harrison, a look at how and why harmony came to be replaced by dissonance in painting, music, and other art forms. â€Å"We’ve shifted away from causal and exemplary history, back toward epochal history, which constructs microcosms and tells you what the whole universe is like from the standpoint of one year, or in some cases, one grand age,† says Douglas Mitchell, the veteran humanities editor at the University of Chicago Press. Part of the reason is historians’ renewed interest in narratives as a way to create synthesis. A single year is a manageable way to narrow the scope, deal in specifics, yet still work with a beginning, middle, and end. â€Å"An annualized history is a way to bridge the gap between conventional narratives, which tend to be driven by political events, and newer histories, which have no clear linear narrative,† says Alan Brinkley, a professor of history at Columbia University. â€Å"Focusing on a year allows one to combine a narrative of sorts with explorations of many areas of life as developed by newer histories.† Mr. Masur’s book, as well as John E. Wills Jr.’s upcoming 1688: A Global History, are colorfully written and rely on dramatic scene-setting. (1688 even does without footnotes.) Though bound by time, they range widely across place, focusing on what happens when people travel and make contact, and how similar ideas can echo in very different settings. â€Å"Historians have long called for some kind of creative synthesis, but the problem has been how to incorporate the voices of elites and workers, men and women, Indians and slaves, celebrators and detractors, and weave them together in a coherent story,† says Mr. Masur. Instead of talking yet again about whether to use narrative techniques in writing history, scholars will show how it’s done at a â€Å"reading slam† at this month’s American Historical Association conference. There Mr. Masur will read from his new book. Digging Deep into a Single Year If nothing else, digging deep into a single year can lead to nifty juxtapositions. The portentous eclipse that gives Mr. Masur his title turned up in Nat Turner’s confession, New England sermons, and newspaper editorials opposed to the reelection of President Andrew Jackson. In 1688, as the English seaman William Dampier was sending vivid descriptions home about the â€Å"miserablest people in the world†Ã¢â‚¬â€œAustralian aborigines–two Jesuit missionaries joined a thousand Chinese cavalrymen on a sophisticated expedition to survey northern China. For a world historian, looking at a year like 1688 is a way to avoid Eurocentrism while still capturing the flow of people and commodities, contends Mr. Wills, a professor of history at the University of Southern California. â€Å"The making of the modern world is the result of worldwide processes in which the Europeans are not the only active originators,† he says. Of course, Mr. Wills admits in his introduction that many of the people he describes wouldn’t have known the year as 1688 at all, given their varied calendars. Even so, â€Å"signs of the basic shifts that created our own very different world† are there: â€Å"The rise of science; the growth of cities and commerce; government policies to promote economic growth; an immense variety of writing and publishing, some of it for broad urban audiences; some very individual and idiosyncratic acceptances and reinterpretations of the great religions; protests against slavery and the subordination of women.† â€Å"This is all part of one world in a strong, simultaneous sense,† the professor says. Text and Context English professors, too, have been bitten by the one-year bug. While historians try to write with more literary flair, literature scholars have returned to history, doing archival research to put novels and poems in political and cultural context. Yet many scholars believe that move has gone too far; literature simply gets reduced to historical evidence, and the particular qualities of certain literary genres get lost in the shuffle. Studying a single year helps to keep both text and context in focus, says Michael North, a professor of English at the University of California at Los Angeles. â€Å"It’s a way of compromising between the demands of history and the demands of structure,† says Mr. North, the author of Reading 1922: A Return to the Scene of the Modern. â€Å"There is an element of trying to define a zeitgeist,† adds Marshall Brown, a professor of English and comparative literature at the University of Washington, and the editor of Modern Language Quarterly. â€Å"Methodologically it’s a kind of gamble, a provocation to do interdisciplinary work.† Often such writing projects begin as classroom experiments. James Chandler, a professor of English language and literature at the University of Chicago, found that his graduate courses in Romantic poetry tended to be clustered around works published in two years, 1789 and 1819. Yet 1819 stood out for the remarkable poetry produced in a single year. Over time, Mr. Chandler decided to concentrate on that year, teaching the leading poets alongside historical novels and political texts important in their day. The result is England in 1819: The Politics of Literary Culture and the Case of Romantic Historicism, an ambitious volume that Mr. Brown calls the most-cited recent book in the field. 1819 is well known to Romanticists as the year that Shelley and Keats wrote much of their greatest poetry. But that’s not all. Byron began his most important poem, â€Å"Don Juan,† Coleridge delivered a series of philosophical lectures, and Hazlitt published two volumes of essays. Why so much good stuff? According to Mr. Chandler, writers for the first time were self-consciously speaking to and about their historical moment. 1819 was an extremely volatile year, marked by the Peterloo Massacre that nearly toppled the English government, leading to restrictions in freedom of the press and the right to assemble. People training for other work began to put words to paper. â€Å"People of extraordinary talent were drawn to the literary field because so much could happen there,† says Mr. Chandler, whose book takes its title from a pro-radical Shelley sonnet of the same name. The idea that you could sum up the spirit of the age in a single year, instead of, say, by citing the reign of a king or queen, was new to England. â€Å"You didn’t have year-end reviews in the 14th century. You didn’t really have them in the early 18th century,† the professor explains. By building the Romantic canon around poets, scholars have tended to ignore the historical novels that were popular at the time. Mr. Chandler gives them their due, featuring a chapter on Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe and The Bride of Lammermoor. â€Å"You do cultural history in this period and you realize that the entire country was obsessed with Scott,† says Mr. Chandler. For modernism, 1922 was the year to remember. James Joyce published Ulysses that year, and T. S. Eliot The Waste Land. The world of literature was never the same. â€Å"The world broke in two in 1922 or thereabouts,† wrote Willa Cather, who found her own brand of realism falling out of favor in the wake of the self-consciousness of high modernism. Works Cited Masur, Louis P., 1831: Year of Eclipse. Hill & Wang, 2001

Chanel’s Exhibition Compared to Vermibus Essay

Two exhibitions, both held during October 2012, will form the bases of this comparative essay. Chanel’s fashion photography exhibition entitled ‘The Little Black Jacket: Chanel’s Classic Revisited’ held at the Saatchi Gallery 12th October – 4th November 2012, and Vermibus’ display of appropriated adverts called ‘Unmasking Kate’ shown at the Moniker Arts Fair 11th -14th October 2012 will be used to explore the links each exhibition has to the themes of advertising and celebrity. ‘The Little Black Jacket: Chanel’s Classic Revisited’ is a celebration of the ‘timelessness’ (Saatchi, 2012) that is the Chanel jacket first introduced in 1953 (Armstrong, 2012), which Karl Lagerfeld, the creative director for Chanel, has revamped for the twenty-first century. ‘The Chanel jacket is a man’s jacket which has become a typical feminine piece†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Lagerfeld cited Making of- The Video, 2012), co-writer and photographer for the exhibition Lagerfeld, articulates the versatility of the garment, which is a key theme expressed throughout the show. The exhibition consists of 113 photographs of celebrities modelling (Saatchi, 2012) the jacket to which the entire exhibition is a tribute to (Saatchi, 2012). In contention with the notion of product and brand celebration the Spanish-born artist Vermibus presented his ‘Unmasking Kate’ series at the Moniker Arts Fair, ‘†¦now in its third year, the fair†¦[of] contemporary artists with urban roots†¦[is] an assembly united by a desire to rebel’ (Spence, 2012). Amongst the rebels is street artist and ex-branding photographer turned contemporary artist (lamono, 2012), Vermibus. The principle of his work is the appropriation of designer advertising posters found publically, as a statement against the image of our materialistic consumer driven society (Finucane, 2012). The title of Vermibus’ current series ‘Unmasking Kate’ refers to both his method of appropriating the posters and to his subject, namely the model Kate Moss. Vermibus argues that he uses Moss’s image ‘†¦because she has been the flagship of fashion for the last 20 years’ (Lamono, 2012) and is therefore an easily recognizable icon of modern fashion and consumer society ‘Kate Moss †¦had to construct thousands of masks to hide her fears†¦ [she] internalized those masks from the beginning and we bought them all†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(Lamono, 2012) Vermibus reveals his ideas about masks fueled by the advertising industry. He further uses Moss’ image to show, simultaneously, the vulnerability of the human subject and the medias exploitation of the notion of celebrity. This theme parallels the way Andy Warhol used Marilyn Monroe’s image after her death (Modern Masters: Andy Warhol, 2010). Likewise, the Chanel exhibition echoes some Warhol themes, yet using the celebrity image to celebration its brand and product originally from the 1950’s (Modern Masters: Andy Warhol, 2010). The exhibitions work on Warhol themes differently either to criticize or celebrate advertising and product branding (Modern Masters: Andy Warhol, 2010). The title of the exhibition ‘The Little Black Jacket: Chanel’s classic revisited’ uses a play on the now clichà ©d notion of ‘the little black dress’ this seemingly playful reference to an item that Coco Chanel arguably made ubiquitous in 1926 (Fritz, 2012) as ‘a uniform for all women of taste’ (Crystal, 2007) carries the suggestion that the redesigning of the Chanel jacket has caused the garment to become as revolutionary and versatile as the little black dress and thus deserves the same universal appeal and fashionable credibility. This is further reflected in the exhibition’s promotional use of words such as ‘classic’ (Armstrong, 2012), ‘iconic’ (Saatchi, 2012) and ‘timeless’ (The Exhibition Opening – The Film, 2012), phrases often made in reference to the little black dress, conveying the item as an essential part of both a man and woman’s collection, in this way almost surp assing the success of the little black dress. Despite their difference, the most prominent connection between both exhibitions is the use of fashion photography. While Vermibus appropriates already publish photographic based adverts, Lagerfeld endeavours to create a series of fashion photographs, seemingly ready for an advertising campaigns (fig:1) sans the alluring taglines and buyer information. However, perhaps text is not necessary in conveying advertising messages: ‘As advertising has become so subject to the influence of photography that in some cases it is nothing other than fashion photography in its pure form.’ (Zahm, 2003 p.267) Lagerfeld’s photography could, therefore, be read as adverts for the Chanel jacket. This is illustrated in the use of a shallow depth of field added to the blank studio backdrop, uniform in all of Lagerfeld’s shots and reminiscent of many advertising campaigns. The technique seems to encourage the viewer to read the model as the main focus of the shot. The positioning of the models, strictly following the rule of thirds in all displayed images, seems actively styled to further accentuate the Chanel jacket as it is after all the subject of the photographic exhibition and perhaps the product to be endorsed. Looking at the images from this angle makes the work seems more sinister; putting the gallery viewer in the position of a consumer. Vermibus’ acquired advertising posters are often comparable in style and content to those featured in the Chanel exhibition. The Vermibus technique involves the systematic removal of layers of gloss and colour from the face of the models (fig:2) using solvents such as white spirit ‘in a unique painting counter-action’ (Open Walls Gallery, 2012) creating gestural, painterly brush marks reminiscent of Lucian Freud ‘s ‘naked’ series (fig:3). This method of working directly on to the photographic image creates an interesting juxtaposition between the flat, glossy, original photographic elements left untouched in the clothe and hair of the advert compared to the textured, painterly brush marks and colours crated by the solvents application on the glossy flesh of the models image (Finucane, 2012). This all helps to convert the adverts ‘†¦flawless and sanitized icons†¦into harrowing and contorted figures evocative of ‘Francis Bacon’s seminal works’ (Finucane, 2012) (fig:4). Through this treatment Vermibus is trying to uncover the essence of the figures by ‘dehumanizes those figures †¦ trying to find the aura of the individual, the personality that was lost†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(Moniker Art Fair, 2012) in the world of advertisement, which seems in direct contention with the image and brand driven concept of the Chanel exhibition. Nonetheless, a form of distortion is also evident in the instillation part of the Chanel exhibition (fig:5), large glass etched version of selected prints create intertextual connections to the work of pop artist Roy Lichtenstein (fig:6) namely in the use of the pixelated bendy dots and primary colours. Through pixelating the benday dots Lagerfeld seems to marry a nostalgic past of image reproduction with modern-day digital innovations. This mirrors the merging of past and present in fashion exhibition. The link to Pop Art is further contextualised as the original Chanel jacket would have debuted around the time that the pop art movement was emerging (Gersh-Nesic, 2012). Unlike many Pop artists and Lagerfeld’s work, Vermibus eradicates branding from his work. Then returns the adverts to their original places in the advertising shelters as ‘gifts for the passers-by’ (Moniker Art Fair, 2012 p.19). As he stats that ‘private companies have taken over these spaces and what I want to do is return them to the public’ (Lamono, 2012). Chanel’s exhibition in this way also stands in contrast to the notion that a luxury brand ‘buys its way into our public spaces [and it] must be passively accepted as a one-way information flow.’ – (Klein, 2002). This is an argument held and expressed within the work of Vermibus. Instead of following this traditional model of advertising which relies heavily and spend vast amounts of money on limited single-way communication advertising (Jackson, 2009), Chanel arguably used a credible gallery to advertise under the guise of culture enrichment; a ‘more interactive, experiential and customised communication’ (Jackson, 2009, p. 273). However, Anderson (2000) argues that shows like this ‘illustrates [the] approaches taken by those in the commercial sphere, who are completely unfettered by museological traditions’ (Anderson, 2000, p.386). However, the Saatchi gallery; was set up by Charles Saatchi like many ‘high net worth individuals who operate their collections like museums for the public’ (picassomio.com) thus needs not to uphold traditions of the museum and is not duty bound to provide advertisement-free exhibitions. This may seem like devious undercover advertising ‘†¦however visitors will construct their own coherence†¦.which may or may not comply with that of the curator†¦'(Hooper-Greenhill, 2000, p.7) thus the advertising undertones of the exhibition may be passively accepted or rejected by viewers. In this way Chanel opens the flow of communication, although, arguably ‘even the best fashion photography is still an industry in service of industry’ (Zahm, 2003, p.265). Therefore, in blurring the lines between free cultural experiences and marketing gimmicks Chanel is clearly attempting to increase their revenue, as Lagerfeld affirms ‘I am not a commercial person †¦ but the final complement is†¦when you buy [the product]’ (The World of Karl Lagerfeld, c.2010). The fact that Lagerfeld’s creative and corporate elements merge in the exhibition is sinisterly convenient ‘†¦it is undeniable that the motivations of designers to co-operate with curators in having their work displayed in museums are largely about prestige, self-promotion and profit’ (Anderson, 2000, p. 375) marring the impression of such exhibitions as nothing more than an oblique advertising campaign. The ‘anti-publicist’ (Lamono, 2012) Vermibus’ illustrates his distain for the advertising industry which Lagerfelds work seems to represent, ‘the brands goal is to remove the model’s identity†¦the model is not a person any more but an image whose only value is for selling’ (Finucane, J. 2012). Vermibus’ ideas are reminiscent of the Situationist International’s concepts of the spectacle (Debord, 1957-61) equally, Vermibus’ appropriated posters carry strong connections to their notion of detournement ‘reusing preexisting†¦elements in a new ensemble’ (Debord, 1957-61). Thus Vermibus’ symbolic use of white sprit on adverts, can act as an allegory for reestablishing identity from the spectacle. This notion of brands taking over ones identity is also suggested in the Chanel exhibition video ‘†¦and with each person’s personality the jacket lives through them †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Chloe Moretz cited in ‘The Exhibition Opening -The Film’ 2012) presenting the consumer product as a sort of symbiotic parasite using and replacing the identity of the wearer. This relates further to Williamson’s (1995) argument that ‘people are made to identify themselves with what they consume’ (Williamsons 1995 p.13). People become use brands and styles to project their identity through non-verbal communication thus: ‘Advertisements are selling us something else besides consumer goods†¦in providing us with a structure in which we and those goods are interchangeable, they are selling us ourselves.’ (Williamson, 1995 p13) This would explain why so many of the videos produced by Chanel surrounding the Black Jacket exhibition continuously stress the versatility of the jacket ‘†¦ You can do a lot with it†¦it suits everyone’ (Carine Roitfeld cited in Making of – The Video, 2012) conveying almost subliminally that people need to have this item that can fit their already established style; ‘the bohemian look, the Victorian look, the more kinda [sic] fun Kate Moss look†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Chloe Moretz cited in The Exhibition opening -the film’ 2012) further promoting its value and illustrating the ‘cannibalistic’ nature of fashion (Zahm, 2003 p. 266), which feed into the spectacle (Debord,1957-61) by assimilating and reproducing the same items and feeling of desire within society. The Chanel exhibitions use of celebrity images differs to that a Vermibus, as it seems to reflect the wider marketing idea that using celebrity endorsements is a ‘strong marketing plus†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Jackson, 2009 p191). Along side the photographers the behind the scenes film presents testimonials from celebrities ‘I consider it [the Chanel jacket] a prized possession. I feel very lucky’ (Sarah Jessica Parker cited in Making of- The Video, 2012) enticing the viewer to desire the item. Atkin (2010) contend that this is because humans are prehistorically ‘hardwired’ to want to glean information about how to become successful survivors by watching and copying the most successful in our society, i.e. the celebrities (Star Suckers, 2010). advertisers like Chanel are manipulating this evolutionary flaw to give ‘[a] product which initially has no meaning †¦.value by a person†¦who has a value to us†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Williamson, 1995, p.31). In contrast, celebrities are utilized by Vermibus to liberate the human being from the celebrity ‘mask’ evoking sympathy from the audience however, it is not clear how much the celebrity image entices the viewer’s prehistoric urge and interest in Vermibus’ work. In conclusion the two exhibitions on the surface have very different and opposing motivations. However, on inspection both deal with similar themes of fashion photography, advertising and celebrity in different ways. Although it falls beyond the scope of this essay compare every element of the exhibitions it has attempted to demonstrate that Lagerfeld’s approach has strong advertising undertone, while Vermibus’ work is anti-publicist in nature. Therefore, despite displaying work at arts fair, with the purpose of promoting and selling his work, the artist maintains his anti-establishment ethos ‘Being at [an art fair] is another way to attack from within’ (Lamono, 2012) which conveys the fundamental difference between the two exhibitions; they both exploit the image of celebrities to draw attention to their work but while Vermibus’ ideology remains paramount it would seem that for Lagerfeld the financial gain is the principal purpose of the exhibition. References: Anderson, F (2000) ‘Museum as Fashion Media’, in Bruzzi, S. and Gibson, C. (eds.) Fashion Cultures: Theories, Exploration and Analysis. London : Routledge pp. 371-389. Armstrong, L. (2012) ‘Chanel’s Little Black Jacket: How Chanel split the fashion atom’, Telegraph [Online] Available at: http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG9602510/Chanels-Little-Black-Jacket-How-Chanel-split-the-fashion-atom.html (Accessed 3/12/2012 Crystal, (2007) Little Black Dress Quotes. Available at: http://no-white-marks.blogspot.com/2007/10/little-black-dress-quotes.html (Accessed: 3/12/2012) Debord, G. (1957-61) ‘Writings from the Situationist International’ in Harrison,C and Wood, P.J. (eds.) (2002) Art Theory 1900-2000. Oxford:Blackwell. pp.701-707 Finucane, J. (2012) New art New Ideas London: Moniker Arts Fair Fritz, M. (2012) A Short History of the Little Black Dress. [Online]. Available at: http://www.realsimple.com/beauty-fashion/clothing/dresses-skirts/little-black-dress-00000000046948/index.html (Accessed: 29/11/12) Gersh-Nesic, B. (2012) About.com. Available at: http://arthistory.about.com/od/modernarthistory/a/Pop-Art-Art-History-101-Basics.htm (Accessed: 08/11/12) Hooper-Greenhill, E (2000) Museums and Interpretation of Visual Culture London: Routledge Jackson, T. and Shaw, D. (2009), Fashion Marketing Hampshire: Palgrave Klein, N. (2002) No Logos. New York:Picador Lamono (2012) Vermibus, Attack From Within [Online]. Available at: http://lamonomagazine.com/hunter/vermibus-ataque-desde-dentro/ (Accessed 28/11/2012) Making of – the video,’ 2012, by Chanel [online] available at: http://thelittleblackjacket.chanel.com/en_GB/makingof (Accessed 16/11/12) Modern Masters: Andy Warhol – Documentary – Artist, (2010) by Alastair Sooke, UK [Online] available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWU7I6fGpMI&feature=share&list=LLU15G_d3N4Dd14H85X-eCCg (Accessed: 08/11/12) Moniker Art Fair, (2012) Moniker Art Fair About. [Online] Available at: http://www.monikerartfair.com/2012/ (Accessed: 18/10/12) Open Walls Gallery (2012) Vermibus [Online] Available at: http://www.openwallsgallery.com/artist/vermibus (Accessed 15/11/12) Picassomio, General Art Articles[online]. Available at: http://www.picassomio.com/art-articles/what-is-the-difference-between-a-museum-and-a-gallery.html (Accessed: 28/11/12) Saatchi gallery (2012) The Little Black Jacket. [Online] Available at: http://www.saatchi-gallery.co.uk/current/the_little_black_jacket.php (Accessed: 15/11/12) Spence, R. (2012) ‘Go forth and multiply’, The Financial Times [Online] Avalible at: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/0a062f4c-1486-11e2-8cf2-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2EEPdaatD (Accessed: 14/11/12) Star Suckers, (2010) by Chris Atkins UK [DVD] The Exhibition Opening – The Film, (2012) by Chanel [Online] Available at: http://thelittleblackjacket.chanel.com/en_GB/exhibition/london (Accessed: 16/11/12) The World of Karl Lagerfeld, (c. 2010) by Anjali Rao China [Online] Avalible at: http://youtu.be/m0ljhBgy0Hc (Accessed 20/11/12) Williamsons, J (1995) Decoding Advertisements: Ideology and Meaning in Advertising. London: Marion Boyars Zahm, O. (2003) ‘On the Marked Change in Fashion Photography’, in Welters, L. and Lillethon, A. (eds.) (2007) The Fashion Reader. Oxford: Berg, pp. 263-269.